11 Ventilation Size Up

Question 1

pg 286

Tactical ventilation

Answer 1

Methodical thought out approach to changing the vent profile of a structure.

any action on the part of firefighters to ventilate a structure- from opening doors and breaking windows to setting up ventilation fans - tactical ventilation efforts because they are done with intent and purpose.

Question 2

pg 286

Natural ventilation profiles

Answer 2

composed of factors that occur without outside intervention.

Any efforts or actions taken by firefighters are tactical vent, because they are done with intent and purpose

Question 3

pg 286

Decisions on how to implement tactical ventilation efforts should be determined by

Answer 3

The IC

Question 4

pg 287

Ventilation contributes to incident stabilization by (3)

Answer 4

Improving visibility
and releasing heat,
allowing attack crews to locate and control fire

Question 5

pg 287

Vent contributes to property conservation by

Answer 5

Drawing heat and fire out and away from other parts of the building, reducing property loss

Question 6

pg 302

Whenever possible, vent should take advantage of

Answer 6

Natural ventilation, implemented in concert with existing atmospheric conditions.

note: if conditions allow natural ventilation is the best option because it requires no additional personnel or equipment to set up and maintain.

Question 7

pg 303

In some situations, natural vent may be inadequate and therefore what must be used

Answer 7

Mechanical ventilation, aka forced ventilation, using fans, blowers, smoke ejectors and hydro vent/ hose streams

Question 8

pg 300

Ventilation crew must get into position and be ready to make the ventilation opening as soon as:

Answer 8

forcible entry is completed and rescue and attack crews are ready to enter.

Question 9

pg 289
In their zeal to do the best possible job, fire fighters assigned to ventilate a burning building sometimes develop tunnel vision. Therefore FF must be trained to quickly but thoroughly size up the situation. Some agencies use the simple approach: (3)

Answer 9

What do we have, (situation)
What are we going to do (actions/ tactics)
What do we need (resources)

Question 10

pg 289

Four stages of fire development

Answer 10

Incipient
growth
Fully developed
Decay

Question 11

pg 289

Fire is fuel controlled during what stages of fire development

Answer 11

Incipient and early growth stages

Question 12

pg 289

Introducing air into a fuel controlled compartment will

Answer 12

Initially slow the progression to flashover by removing hot gasses and cooling interior, but will grow soon if not controlled

Question 13

pg 289

Fire is likely to become vent controlled during what stages of development,

Answer 13

Through growth stage and toward fully developed

Question 14

pg 290

From a size up perspective, one of the most important indicators of fire conditions inside is

Answer 14

The behavior of visible smoke outside

smoke behavior that FFs should look for when sizing up a working structure fire are:

• smoke volume
• smoke color and density
• Air flow (pressure)

Question 15

pg 290

In regard to breathing smoke, firefighters should

Answer 15

Never breathe smoke

Question 16

pg 291

Whitish great smoke generally indicates what type of fire

Answer 16

Celluloid or class A materials burning is oxygen abundant atmosphere

Question 17

pg 291

Black smoke is an indicator of

Answer 17

hydrocarbons such as Petroleum based products, plastics, anything burning in oxygen limited environment.

Question 18

291

Two categories of smoke density

Answer 18

Optical density and opacity

Physical density

Question 19

pg 291

Optical density and opacity

Answer 19

How difficult it is to see through smoke

Question 20

pg 291

Physical density of smoke

Answer 20

How buoyant the smoke is. If it’s quick rising- buoyant. Related to temperature of smoke.

Question 21

pg 292

Light haze of smoke lazily moving on the top floor could indicate

Answer 21

Intense attic fire

Question 22

pg 293

For vent purposes, size up the following four critical building construction factors should be considered:

Answer 22

• Age and type of building
• Positive construction features
• Negative construction features
• Occupancy specific construction features

Question 23

pg 293

When burned by fire, full dimension lumber behaves how in comparison to nominal dimension lumber

Answer 23

Full dimension holds its strength better than Normal. But because it’s older and therefore dryer, is more susceptible to ignition than newer nominal.

Question 24

pg 295

Although lightweight and cost effective construction methods are used to save money, they often increase

Answer 24

Increase collapse potential because of longer spans and enclosed void spaces with structural members having more surface area or mass ratios

Question 25

pg 295 | Positive construction features

Answer 25

``` tend to resist effects of fire, reduce spread, and reduce collapse potential. Steel members Self closing fire doors Sprinklers Built in fire suppression Smoke vents, Elevator shafts ```

Question 26

pg 296 Built in fire suppression systems (3) non sprinkled

Answer 26

Halogenated system, Co2 Dry chem note: Protect single compartment like hood over stove or computer bank

Question 27

pg 298 | Elevator shafts can be a ventilation hinderance and benefit because

Answer 27

Hinderance when providing avenue for fire and smoke spread to other levels Benefit when providing a means to vent thought passing through other floors

Question 28

pg 298 | Ideally, roofs with panelized systems or other systems prone to early collapse should have

Answer 28

Automatic smoke vents, thereby preventing firefighters from walking on dangerous roof surfaces to vertical vent

Question 29

pg 298 | Firefighters should frequently visit and pre plan buildings undergoing modification because

Answer 29

They will be familiar with changes and possible hinderance to operations and Id ways to mitigate the problem.

Question 30

pg 298 | Negative building features are (definition)

Answer 30

Ones that do not resist effects of fire, promote fire spread, increase collapse potential, and make entry more difficult.

Question 31

pg 298 | Negative building features

Answer 31

``` Elevator shafts Synthetic materials Planters and other landscape features Security measures Occupancy related features ```

Question 32

pg 299 | Planters and other landscape features can be a hinderance to firefighting because

Answer 32

They may keep apparatus further from building and make placement of ladders difficult.

Question 33

pg 300 Establishing and maintaining the required level of coordination, demands that everyone on the fire ground know and understand what

Answer 33

The incident action plan. IAP and how it affects each part of the operation

Question 34

pg 300 | Coordinating vent with rescue and fire attack generally involves three components

Answer 34

Timing, Location Method

Question 35

pg 300 Deciding where to created the ventilation opening is often dictated by where the fire is located in the building and the stage of fire development. In general the ventilation opening should be made as close to the seat of the fire as safely possible. Some factors that have a bearing on where to ventilate include the following: (10)

Answer 35

``` Location of fire Location of occupants interior and exterior exposures Type of construction Purpose or use of occupancy Extend of fire progression Condition of building and contents Existing openings, skylights, vents, monitors Direction and velocity of wind Resource availability and capability ```

Question 36

pg 301 | Firefighters can sometimes use what to locate the fire from the outside if smoke and fire aren't visible

Answer 36

Tic, or feeling, looking for discoloration or blistering

Question 37

pg 301 | If an area of the roof is unsafe due to fire conditions below, the vent hole should be made between

Answer 37

Between the fire, and uninvolved portion of the building.

Question 38

If the fire is below the top floor, vertical vent may not be possible unless

Answer 38

An elevator shaft or other vertical channel is available

Question 39

pg 302 | Structures in which horizontal vent may be appropriate

Answer 39

Fires not large enough to necessitate roof opening Windows or doors close to seat of fire Seat of fire below top floor Fire has not entered structural voids or concealed spaces

Question 40

pg 302 | Structures in which vertical vent may be appropriate

Answer 40

Fire in attic cockloft or top floor With no windows and few exterior doors With large vertical channels like, light wells, elevators, hoist ways etc Fire has entered structural voids and concealed spaces.

Question 41

pg 302 | If conditions allow, natural vent is the best option because

Answer 41

It does not require additional personnel or equipment to set up and maintain

Question 42

In general mechanical or forced ventilation is indicated when

Answer 42

Location and size of fire is determined Layout of building doesn't lend to natural vent Natural vent slows, becomes ineffective, needs support Fire burning below grade Compartment with fire is so large natural vent is inefficient Dictated by type of building and fire

Question 43

pg. 303 exposures: Because horizontal ventilation does not normally release heat and smoke directly above the fire, Fire fighters must consider the threat to internal exposures that channeling heat and smoke through a building can create. the Danger is?

Answer 43

there is sometimes a danger that they will ignite the structure above the point where they escape or may be drawn into windows about the ventilation opening by lapping, also known as autoexposure.

Question 44

Emitting products of combustion from vent holes can cause what to nearby exposures

Answer 44

Ignition to exposures or extension to grass and other exposures from burning debris flying.

Question 45

Two Important weather considerations for ventilation

Answer 45

Wind | Temperature

Question 46

pg 304 Wind conditions must always be considered when determining the proper ventilation method. Wind blowing fire towards an external exposure, supplying oxygen to the fire, or blowing the fire into uninvolved areas of the building can reduce the benefits of horizontal ventilation. Fire fighters must remember that ventilation methods:

Answer 46

should be in concert with the prevailing wind, not against it.

Question 47

pg 305 The temperature on a roof can be significantly higher than the temperture at street level. The crews are at risk of ____________ or even __________. and their productivity may be reduced because of _________ and _______.

Answer 47

``` heat exhaustion heat stroke fatigue dehydration note: these condition can cause vent crew to take longer than normal to complete their assignments. ```

Question 48

pg 305 | Cold temp can effect vent efforts by: (3)

Answer 48

Snow and increasing live loads on roof- collapse potential Conceal potential hazards Slippery surfaces

Question 49

pg 286 | Factors that contribute to the ventilation of a fire are known as

Answer 49

A ventilation profile

Question 50

p.286 +If properly done, this action can contribute significantly to the achievement of all 3 of the universal goals on every incident:(L.I.P)

Answer 50

Tactical Ventilation

Question 51

p.287 +Reduces the amount of physical stress FF's have to endure inside a building during search and rescue and fire suppression operations.

Answer 51

Ventilation

Question 52

p.287 Property Conservation +These provide the shortest possible path by which fire and its products can leave the building which contribute to a reduction in property loss.

Answer 52

Properly sized and placed ventilation opening

Question 53

p.287 +Any means other than natural ventilation +To create or redirect the flow of air within building/compartment

Answer 53

Mechanical Ventilation (forced ventilation)

Question 54

p.293 Ventilation Size Up | +4 critical building construction factors

Answer 54

1. Age and type of building 2. Positive construction features 3. Negative Construction features 4. Occupancy specific construction features

Question 55

p.295 warning box! +Because they can fail suddenly and unexpectedly during a fire, the IC should be notified whenever these materials are found during ventilation operations.

Answer 55

Lightweight Construction

Question 56

p.295 +Building construction features that tend to resist the effects of fire, reduce fire spread, and reduce likelihood of structural collapse are known as?

Answer 56

Positive Construction Features

Question 57

p.298 +Construction features that do not resist the effects of fire, promote fire spread, increase likelihood of collapse and make entry by FF more difficult are known as?

Answer 57

Negative construction features

Question 58

pg 303 | Ventilation operations can be seriously affected by:

Answer 58

both wind and temperature. pg. 304 the most important weather-related influences on tactical ventilation are wind and temperature.

Question 59

ch. 11 pg. 300 When the IC has decided that ventilation is needed, coordinating the ventilation operation with rescue and fire attack generally involves three components:

Answer 59

timing location method