1.1 the drainage system

Question 1

list stores of water

Answer 1

-interception
-soil water
-surface water
-ground water
-channel storage

Question 2

list outputs of water

Answer 2

• evaporation, transpiration
  -evapotranspiration
  river discharge

Question 3

underground water

Answer 3

• groundwater, recharge, springs
• water table/phreatic zone
  -aquifers

Question 4

list flows of water above ground

Answer 4

-through-fall
-stemflow
-overland flow
-channel flow
-infiltration
-through-flow
-groundwater flow
-baseflow

Question 5

interception

Answer 5

water falls onto vegetation: store, loss, vegetation store

Question 6

soil water

Answer 6

amount of water stored in soil
- field capacity: amount of water after excess drained: near saturation point

Question 7

surface water

Answer 7

-water stored on the surface
- some temporary, some permanent
- man made areas: more temporary
- turloughs

Question 8

ground water

Answer 8

stored under ground rocks: hard to evaporate
-recharge: refills through pores

Question 9

channel storage

Answer 9

water stored in streams,rivers, other drainage systems
-some seasonal
-channel capacity overcome: overland flow

Question 10

throughfall

Answer 10

water drops from one store to another before hitting the ground

Question 11

stemflow

Answer 11

after precipitation water in intercepted by plant and flows down stems and trunks

Question 12

overland flow

Answer 12

ppt exceeds infiltration rate, antecendent moisture

Question 13

infiltration

Answer 13

water seeps into soil under influence of gravity, capillary action, porosity

Question 14

percolation

Answer 14

• vertical movement of water though bedrock after infiltration through soil
• water infiltrates though unsaturated rock

Question 15

permeability

Answer 15

ability to transmit water

Question 16

throughflow

Answer 16

water flows through soil under gravity towards stream parallel to the surface

Question 17

channel flow

Answer 17

?

Question 18

groundwater flow

Answer 18

water infiltrates into soil and flows underground parallel to the slope, slower than overland flow, faster than base, sometimes emerges as springs

Question 19

baseflow

Answer 19

river discharge by groundwater seeping into riverbed

Question 20

potential evapotranspiration

Answer 20

measure of ability of atmosphere to remove water from surface with no control

Question 21

river discharge

Answer 21

movement of water in channels:water balance river regime

Question 22

water table

Answer 22

permanently saturated zone within rocks and sediment: responds to seasonal changes

Question 23

evaporation

Answer 23

the state change of water from liquid to gas (water vapour) after absorbing sufficient heat energy

Question 24

briefly explain what is meant by a flood recurrence interval

Answer 24

• based on the probability that a given flood discharge will be equalled or exceeded on any given year
• often expressed as 1 in 10 years (10%) or 1 in 100 years (1%)
• the frequency at which a flood of a certain size and intensity occurs

Question 25

briefly explain how underground water may form springs

Answer 25

• water held in aquifer/above permeable rock
• water level is raised to the surface through recharge
• springs form at point where water emerges from ground
  hot springs: geothermally heated ground water escaped under pressure though cracks, fissures and faults to the surface