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P.E - Applied Anatomy and Physiology - Year 1 > 1.1 The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

1.1 The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Define health?

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease and injury.

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2
Q

Define Fitness?

A

The ability to meet and cope with the demands of a environment.

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3
Q

Define the septum?

A

The muscular wall that divides the heart into two parts.

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4
Q

What are the two chambers that each part of the heart contains?

A

An atrium and ventricle.

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5
Q

Which chamber (Atrium and Ventricle) is larger?

A

The atria are smaller than the ventricles as all they do is push the blood down into the ventricles.
The ventricles have much thicker muscular walls as they need to contract with greater force in order to push blood out of the heart.

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6
Q

Which side of the heart is larger?

A

The left side of the heart is larger as it needs to pump blood all around the body, whereas the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

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7
Q

Function of the blood vessels attached to the heart?

A

The vena cava brings deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium and the pulmonary vein delivers oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
The pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle with deoxygenated blood to go to the lungs and the aorta leaves the left ventricle with oxygenated blood leading to the body.

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8
Q

What is the function of the valves in the heart?

A

The valves regulate blood flow by ensuring it flows in one direction.

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9
Q

What are the 4 main valves in the heart?

A

The tricuspid valve
The bicuspid valve
The semi lunar valves

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10
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle.

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11
Q

Where is the bicuspid valve located?

A

Located between the left atrium and left ventricle.

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12
Q

Where is the semi lunar valves located?

A

The semi lunar valves can be located between the right and left ventricles and the pulmonary artery and aorta.

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13
Q

Define myogenic?

A

The capacity of the heart to generate its own impulses.

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14
Q

Define the sinoatrial node (SAN)?

A

A small mass of cardiac muscle found in the wall of the right atrium that generates the heartbeat. More commonly called the pacemaker.

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15
Q

Define the atrioventricular node?

A

This node relays the impulse between the upper and lower sections of the heart.

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16
Q

Define the bundle of his?

A

A collection of heart muscle cells that transmit electrical impulses from the AVN via the bundle branches to the ventricles.

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17
Q

Define the purkanje fibres?

A

Muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricles.

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18
Q

Name the correct order that the impulses in the conduction system travel?

A 
Sally (Sinoatrial node SAN)
Always (Atrial Systole)
Aims (Atrioventricular node AVN)
Big (Bundle of his)
Balls (Bundle Branches)
Past (Purkanje Fibres)
Vicky (Ventricular systole)
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19
Q

Define the sympathetic system?

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that speeds up the heart rate.

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20
Q

Define the parasympathetic system?

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that decreases heart rate.

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21
Q

Define the medulla oblongata?

A

The most important part of the brain as it regulates processes that keep us alive such as breathing and heart rate.

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22
Q

What mechanisms control what rate cardiac impulses are fired at?

A

Neural control mechanism.

Hormonal control mechanism.

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23
Q

Explain the Neural Control Mechanism?

A

This involves the sympathetic nervous system which stimulates the heart to beat faster, and the parasympathetic system which returns the heart to its resting level.
The nervous system is made of two parts the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous system.
These two systems are coordinated by the Cardiac Control Centre located in the Medulla Oblongata in the brain. Sympathetic nervous impulses are sent to the SAN and there is a decrease in parasympathetic nerve impulses so that heart rate increases. The Cardiac Control Centre is stimulated by the three receptors.

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24
Q

Explain the Hormonal Control Mechanism?

A

Hormones can have an effect on HR. The release of adrenaline during exercise is known as hormonal control. Adrenaline is a stress hormone that is released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerve during exercise. It stimulates the SAN (pacemaker) which results in increase in both the speed and force of contraction, thereby increasing cardiac output. This results in more blood being pumped to the working muscles so they can revive more oxygen for the energy they need.

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25
Q

What are the two parts of the nervous system and what do they consist of?

A

The central nervous system (CNS) which consist of the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous system consists of nerve cells that transmit information to and from the CNS.

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26
Q

Define chemoreceptors?

A

Tiny structures in the carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in blood acidity caused by a increase or decrease in the concentration of Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

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27
Q

Define baroreceptors?

A

Special sensors in tissues in the aortic arch, carotid sinus, heart and pulmonary vessels that respond to changes in blood pressure to either increase or decrease heart rate.

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28
Q

Define adrenaline?

A

A stress hormone that is released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerve during exercise which causes a increase in heart rate.

29
Q

Define proprioceptors?

A

Sensory nerve endings in the muscles, tendons and joints that detect changes in muscle movement.

30
Q

What’s the memory tool for receptors?

A

Chemoreceptors -> Increase in CO2 -> Increase in HR
Baroreceptors -> Increase in blood pressure -> decrease in HR
Proprioceptors -> Increase in muscle movement -> Increase in HR

31
Q

Define the Ejection fraction?

A

The percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per beat.

32
Q

Define stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood that leaves the heart during each contraction.

33
Q

Define systole?

A

Term used to describe the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle - the ventricles contract and pump blood to the arteries.

34
Q

Define diastole?

A

Term used to describe the relaxing phase of the cardiac cycle - the ventricles contract for systole but diastole is when the ventricles are relaxed and filled with blood.

35
Q

Define cardiac output (Q)?

A

The amount of blood pumped out the hearts ventricles per minute. Measured in litres per min (L/min)

36
Q

Define Cardiac Hypertrophy?

A

The thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so it becomes bigger and stronger; also can mean a larger ventricular cavity.

37
Q

Define bradycardia?

A

A decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 BPM.

38
Q

How does exercise and being fit improve your physical health?

A
  • Doing general exercise lowers your overall resting heart rate.
  • Increases amount of red blood cells travelling to your muscles.
  • Reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and certain cancers.
  • Influence your life span.
  • Influence your metabolic rate.
  • Improves heart function
  • Reduces change of suffering injuries.
38
Q

What are the benefits of training?

A
  • Cardiac muscle hypertrophy
  • Muscle is bigger and stronger so it can pump out more blood per beat so large SV.
  • Increased size of chambers in the heart caused by training which also means bigger SV.
  • More red blood cells and more efficient gas exchange.
  • Increased red blood cell count/haemoglobin count.
39
Q

What is the formula to calculate cardiac output?

A

Cardiac Output (Q) = Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV)

40
Q

Define anticipatory rise?

A

Slight increase in heart rate usually before activity starts due to the expectation of exercise.

40
Q

Define Atherosclerosis?

A

Occurs when arteries harden and narrow as they become clogged up by fatty deposits.

41
Q

Define Atheroma?

A

A fatty deposits found in the inner lining of an artery.

43
Q

Define Angina?

A

Chest pain that occurs when the blood supply through the coronary arteries to the muscles of the heart is restricted.

44
Q

Define a Stroke?

A

A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is cut off.

45
Q

Define Steady State?

A

Where the athlete is able to meet the oxygen demand with the oxygen supply.

46
Q

Define Blood Pressure?

A

The force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel wall.

47
Q

Define Systolic Pressure?

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting.

48
Q

Define Diastolic Pressure?

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxing.

49
Q

Define venous return?

A

This is the volume of blood returning to the rights side of the heart via the vena cava. If venous return increases, then stroke volume will also increase. (If more blood enters the heart, then more blood goes out).

51
Q

What’s the memory tool for Venous Return?

A

Increased Venous Return -> Greater Diastolic filling of the heart -> Cardiac Muscle stretched -> More force of contraction -> Increased Ejection Fraction.

52
Q

Define Plasma?

A

The fluid part of the body (mainly water) that surrounds the blood cells and transports them.

53
Q

Define Haemoglobin?

A

An iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells, which combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.

54
Q

Define Myoglobin?

A

Often called ‘muscle haemoglobin’ it is an iron containing muscle pigment in slow twitch muscle fibres which has a higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin. It stores the oxygen in the muscle fibres which can be used quickly when exercise begins.

55
Q

Define Mitochondria?

A

Often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell as respiration and energy production occurs there.

56
Q

Explain the Bohr Shift?

A

When an increase in blood carbon dioxide and a decrease in pH results in a reduction of the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen.

57
Q

Define pH?

A

A measure of acidity. The range goes from 1 to 14 and anything less than 7 indicates acidity.

58
Q

Define the vascular shunt mechanism?

A

The redistribution of cardiac output.

59
Q

Define Vasodilation?

A

The widening of the blood vessels to increase the flow of blood into the capillaries.

60
Q

Define Vasoconstriction?

A

The narrowing of the blood vessels to reduce blood flow into the capillaries.

61
Q

Define Arterio-Venous Difference?

A

The difference between the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles.

62
Q

What are the two types of Cholesterol?

A
  • LDL (Low Density Lipoproteins)

- HDL (High Density Lipoproteins)

63
Q

Define Low Density Lipoproteins?

A

LDL transports cholesterol in the blood to the tissues and are classed as ‘bad’ cholesterol since they are linked to an increased risk of heart disease.

63
Q

Define a Haemorrhagic Stroke?

A

Haemorrhagic strokes occur when a weakened blood vessel supplying the brain bursts.

64
Q

Define High Density Lipoproteins?

A

HDL transports excess cholesterol in the blood back to the liver where it is broken down. These are classed as ‘good’ cholesterol since they lower the risk of developing heart disease.

66
Q

What are the two types of a stroke?

A

Ischaemic Stroke

Haemorrhagic Stroke

67
Q

Define a Ischaemic Stroke?

A

Ischaemic strokes are the most common form and occur when a blood clot stops the blood supply.

68
Q

Explain Cardiovascular Drift?

A

Cardiovascular drift is characterised by a progressive decrease in stroke volume and arterial blood pressure, together with a progressive rise in heart rate. It occurs during prolonged exercise (after 10 minutes) in a warm environment, despite the intensity of the exercise remaining the same.
Suggestions as to why this occurs are that when we sweat, a portion of this lost fluid volume comes from the plasma volume. This decrease in plasma volume will reduce venous return and stroke volume (remember starlings law). Heart rate again increases to compensate and maintain a higher cardiac output in an attempt to create more energy to cool the body down.
To minimise cardiovascular drift, it is important to maintain high fluid consumption before and during exercise.

69
Q

What are the 3 venous return mechanisms?

A

The skeletal muscle pump
The respiratory pump
Pocket valves

P.E - Applied Anatomy and Physiology - Year 1 (4 decks)

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