1.1 Summarize Linux Fundamentals

Question 1

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) - /bin directory

Answer 1

binary commands available to all users

Question 2

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) - /proc directory

Answer 2

information about the system state and processes

Question 3

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) - /sys directory

Answer 3

contains the sysfs virtual file system which displays information about devices and drivers

Question 4

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) - /var directory

Answer 4

data files that change constantly, such as user mailboxes, print queues, log files

Question 5

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) - /usr directory

Answer 5

system commands and utilities

Question 6

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) - /lib directory

Answer 6

shared program libraries and kernel modules

Question 7

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) - /dev directory

Answer 7

contains device files representing the system’s physical devices, such as hard drive, mouse, printer

Question 8

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) - /etc directory

Answer 8

system configuration files

Question 9

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) - /opt directory

Answer 9

contains additional system programs

Question 10

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) - /boot directory

Answer 10

kernel and bootloader files

Question 11

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) - /sbin directory

Answer 11

system binary commands

Question 12

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) - /home directory

Answer 12

contains user home directories

Question 13

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) - /media directory

Answer 13

directory used to mount removable media

Question 14

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) - /mnt directory

Answer 14

directory used for temporarily mounting remote file systems

Question 15

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) - /root directory

Answer 15

root user’s home directory

Question 16

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) - /tmp directory

Answer 16

directory containing temporary files created by programs during system use

Question 17

List the 3 major phases of BIOS boot process

Answer 17

1. BIOS
2. Bootloader
3. Kernel

Question 18

What partitioning scheme is used by BIOS boot? What are it’s limitations?

Answer 18

1. MBR partition scheme
2. Max 4 partitions per disk, max 2TB partition size

Question 19

How does BIOS find a bootable OS?

Answer 19

Searches devices listed in order from the CMOS for boot sector with MBR

Question 20

What are the 3 requirements/limitations of MBR partition format?

Answer 20

1. MBR must be installed in the first 512MB of disk on primary partition
2. Only 4 standard (primary) partitions can be created
3. Max partition size is 2TB

Question 21

What are the 3 benefits/requirements for an extended partition?

Answer 21

1. Uses Logical Block Addressing with 4096 byte sectors to allow larger partition sizes
2. Allows creation of many logical partitions within it
3. Only 1 extended partition can exist per physical disk

Question 22

What are the 3 benefits/features of UEFI boot?

Answer 22

1. Uses GPT partition scheme, 128 partitions, 9.4ZB max partition size
2. Has its own boot manager
3. OS boot files must be in ESP (EFI System Partition) formatted w/ FAT file system

Question 23

UEFI boot process (4)

Answer 23

1. Processor powers on and loads the UEFI program
2. UEFI runs POST and loads basic input devices
3. UEFI reads GUID partition table
4. UEFI boot loader finds Linux EFI file in ESP

Question 24

Define vmlinuz

Answer 24

Compressed file of vmlinux, which is a Linux kernel executable that can be used for debugging