1.1. Scientific Revolutions

Question 1

Prehistory

Answer 1

• Started with the emergence of humans

- Ended with the invention of writing systems

Question 2

Paleolithic (2M - 10,000BC)

Answer 2

• “old stone”
• Longest period of time in history
• Emergence of the Homosapiens
• Tools are made by shaping one stone to another
• To end this age, they discovered they can grow their own food (agriculture)

Question 3

Paleolithic Nomads

Answer 3

• Humans who move one place to another for food
• Known to be hunters and collectors
• Live in tribes

Question 4

Neolithic (10,000BC)

Answer 4

• “new stone”
• Raise their own crops and cattle (sheep, cows, goats)
• Lifestyle became sedentary (stay in a permanent area)
• Social systems were made
• Use of metal marks ended this period

Question 5

Ancient (3,000BC)

Answer 5

Development in Ancient cities (Rome, China, Egypt, Mesopotamia)

Question 6

Chinese Ancient Works

Answer 6

Gunpowder, Great wall, Tea and Silk

Question 7

Egyptian Ancient Works

Answer 7

Papyrus

Question 8

Romans Ancient Works

Answer 8

Codex or Books

Question 9

Sumerian Ancient Works

Answer 9

Plow and Cuneiform

Question 10

Industrial Civilization (18th Century)

Answer 10

• Emergence of the use of coal, iron, and textiles
• Development of the steam engine
• Division between social classes and civilization
• Rise in number of factories

Question 11

Communication Technologies’ Important Contribution to Industrial Civilization

Answer 11

Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell

Question 12

Transportations’ Important Contribution to Industrial Civilization

Answer 12

Trains Automobile: Henry Ford

Airplane: Brothers Orville & Wilbur Wright

Question 13

Anthropocene (Present)

Answer 13

• “The rise of the human empire”

- Era which human activity has been the dominant influence on climate and the environment

Question 14

Issues Identified by the Anthropocene Era

Answer 14

Agriculture
Urbanization
Pollution
Climate change

Question 15

Anthropocene

Answer 15

• Used by scientists in soviet union in 1960s to refer to the Quaternary, the most recent geological period
• Popularized in 2000 by atmospheric chemist Paul J. Crutzen

Question 16

Paul J. Crutzen

Answer 16

• Regarded the influence of human behavior on Earth’s atmosphere in recent centuries as so significant as to constitute a new geological time

Question 17

Nuclear Weapons’ Significant Contributions to Anthropocene Era

Answer 17

• Warfares

- First nuclear weapon was denoted on 16 July 1945 in New Mexico

Question 18

Fossil Fuels’ Significant Contributions to Anthropocene Era

Answer 18

• Current rates of carbon emission are thought to be higher than at anytime in the last 65 million years

Question 19

Plastic Uses’ Significant Contributions to Anthropocene Era

Answer 19

• Initially developed in the 1900s, have grown rapidly since the 1950s and now we produce 500 million tons a year
• Take up to a thousand years to decompose

Question 20

Changed Geologies’ Significant Contributions to Anthropocene Era

Answer 20

Deforestation, mining, farming, drilling, landfills, dam building and coastal reclamation

Question 21

Use of Fertilizers’ Significant Contributions to Anthropocene Era

Answer 21

• Levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in soils have doubled in the last century
• Human activity had the biggest impact on the nitrogen cycle for 2.5 billion years

Question 22

Global Warming’s Significant Contributions to Anthropocene Era

Answer 22

Unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature

Question 23

Mass Extinctions’ Significant Contributions to Anthropocene Era

Answer 23

• Death of the last individual of the species

Question 24

Is technology dangerous?

Answer 24

It is but we should learn how to balance the positive and negative effects

Question 25

Michio Kaku: The Darkside of Technology

Answer 25

• Technology is a mostly positive endeavor, except for some troubling and unnerving possibilities refers to as “wildcard”
• The unanticipated uses of technology and science threaten to turn happy futuristic dreams into nightmares