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Genetics - Lecture > 1.1. Science of Genetics > Flashcards

1.1. Science of Genetics Flashcards

• History of Genetics • Approaches in Genetics • Model Organisms in Genetic Studies • Genetics in the Society

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

science of heredity and variation

A

genetics

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2
Q

passing of characteristic/hereditary properties from parents to offspring (one cell generation to next); most striking attribute of a living cell

A

heredity

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3
Q

differences in physical, chemical, or behavioral traits

A

variation

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4
Q

defines heredity and variation; provides information regarding the biological properties of the individual

A

genes

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5
Q

proposed by aristotle; bearers of hereditary traits

A

humors

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6
Q

theory: fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult; how is this adult called?

A

theory of preformationism; homunculus

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7
Q

theory: living things originate from nonliving components; also known as abiogenesis theory

A

spontaneous generation theory

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8
Q

how was the abiogenesis theory abolished?

A

louis pasteur’s swan neck experiment wherein he showed that broth remained free of microorganisms when protected from airborne particles

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9
Q

theory: an organism develops from the fertilized egg by a succession of developmental events that eventually transform the egg into an adult; e.g., butterfly, frogs

A

theory of epigenesis

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10
Q

proponent of theory of epigenesis

A

william harvey

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11
Q

proponents of cell theory

A

matthias schleiden and theodor schwann

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12
Q

postulates of cell theory

A
  1. all organisms are composed of basic structural units (cells)
  2. cells are derived from preexisting cells
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13
Q

author of “the origin of species” wherein he described his ideas on evolution

A

charles darwin

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14
Q

ship used by charles darwin during his expedition

A

HMS beagle

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15
Q

charles darwin proposed that existing species arose by descent with modification from ancestral species. species undergo change from generations to generations as their offsprings inherit traits from their parents; these traits are not identical due to mutation, recombination, and other factors. these changes all lead to diversity in species. true or false?

A

true

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16
Q

theory proposed by charles darwin on the idea of survival of the fittest and the mechanisms of evolutionary change

A

theory of natural selection

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17
Q

another scientist who also proposed an idea similar to the theory of natural selection

A

alfred russel wallace

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18
Q

the theory of natural selection was widely accepted during darwin’s time. true of false?

A

false. most people lacked an understanding of the genetic basis of variation and inheritance

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19
Q

an augustinian monk who conducted a decade-long series of experiments using pea plants

A

gregor johann mendel

20
Q

gregor mendel’s work that explained how traits were passed from generation to generation in pea plants and all other organisms, providing the foundation of genetics

A

1866 publiciation: experiments on plant hybridization

21
Q

life of mendel: his prof in vienna

A

christian doppler; discovered doppler effect

22
Q

life of mendel: how many years did mendel study pea plants (over 28k)

A

eight years

23
Q

life of mendel: cause of death

A

nephritis (kidney disease)

24
Q

mendel’s work was widely accepted during his time. true or false?

A

false. his work was just rediscovered by scientists (i.e., hugo de vries, carl correns, erich von tschermak-seysenegg) during 1900

25
Q

theory: states that (1) inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromsomes, and that (2) chromosomes are faithfully transmitted through gametes, maintaining genetic continuity from gen to gen

A

chromosome theory of inheritance

26
Q

proponents of chromosome theory of inheritance

A

walter sutton and theodor boveri

27
Q

an observation made by walter sutton and theodor boveri that became the cornerstone of the chromosome theory of inehritance

A

chromosomes during meiosis follow the same behavior of genes during gamete formation

28
Q

1933 nobel prize winner in physiology or medicine who worked on the role of chromosomes in heredity

A

thomas hunt morgan

29
Q

conducted transformation experiments to understand how certain strains of the bacterium streptococcus pneumoniae caused disease

A

frederick griffith

30
Q

strains of s. pneumoniaie used by griffith in his experiment

A

IIR, IIIS

31
Q

griffith’s experiment:
(1) injecting mice with the S strain killed them
(2) injecting mice with the R strain did not harm them.
(3) heat-killing the S strain and injecting it into mice did not harm them
(4) mixing heat-killed S strain with live R strain and injecting this mixture into mice killed them.
what conclusion did he arrive into?

A

a “transforming principle” from the dead S strain had been taken up by the living R strain which transformed them into the virulent S strain

32
Q

scientists who discovered the identity of the transforming principle

A

oswald avery
colin macleod
maclyn mccarty

33
Q

oswald avery, colin mcleod, and maclyn mccarty’s experiment:
(1) heat-killed IIIS were used to see if they could transform non-virulent IIR cells into virulent ones
(1) the filtrate was treated with enzymes: DNAse, RNAse, and protease
(2) protease and RNAse treatment: when the heat-killed IIIS cells were treated with protease and RNA respectively and then mixed with IIR cells, transformation still occurred.
(2) DNase Treatment: when the heat-killed IIIS cells mixed with IIR cells were treated with DNase, no transformation occurred.
what conclusion did they arrive into?

A

dna is the transforming substance given that no transformation occurred when the dna from the s strain was broken down during the DNAse treatment

34
Q

scientists who built on the earlier work of avery, mcleod, and mccarty; provided further evidence that dna, not protein, is the genetic material

A

alfred hershey and martha chase

35
Q

hershey-chase experiment:
(1) DNA of the T2 bacteriophages was labeled with radioactive phosphorus-32 (^32P), since DNA contains phosphorus
(2) the protein coat was conversely labeled with radioactive sulfur-35 (^35S), since proteins contain sulfur
(3) the labeled bacteriophages were allowed to infect ecoli. during infection, the phages attach to the bacterial cell and inject their genetic material into it.
(4) after the injection, the mixture was agitated in a blender to separate the phage coats from the bacterial cells and was centrifuged to separate the heavier bacterial cells from the lighter phage coats
(5) radioactive DNA (^32P) was found in the bacterial pellet, indicating that DNA had entered the bacterial cells
(6) radioactive protein (^35S) was dound in the supernatant, indicating that the protein coats did not enter the bacterial cells
what conclusion did they arrive into?

A

dna is the genetic material that bacteriophages inject into bacteria to produce new viruses; dna is the carrier of genetic information

36
Q

scientist who studied dna by xray crystallographic technique

A

maurice wilkins

37
Q

who created photo 51?

A

rosalind franklin

38
Q

approach in genetics that focuses on patterns or mode of inheritance of traits

A

transmission genetics

39
Q

approach in genetics that focuses on chromosomes and their behavior during mitosis and meiosis

A

cytogenetics

40
Q

approach in genetics that focuses on the analysis of the outcomes of crosses between different strains of organisms

A

classical genetics

41
Q

approach in genetics that focuses on replication, expression, and mutation of genes at the molecular level, as well as dna sequencing and manipulation

A

molecular genetics

42
Q

approach in genetics that defines how and why certain genetic variation is maintained in populations

A

population genetics

43
Q

approach in genetics that focuses on the statistical relationship between genes and the traits they encode

A

quantitative genetics

44
Q

first known human immortal cell line

A

HeLa cell line

45
Q

how does genetics help in today’s society?

A

(1) serves as a tool for research to generate new knowledge
(2) helps advance the agriculture industry by improving strains, breeds, and varieties
(3) also advance medical science through gene therapy, understanding genetic diseases, and creating personalized medicines

46
Q

social and legal issues re genetics

A

genetic applications, such as prenatal testing develop much faster than the social conventions, public policies, and regulatory laws; genetic discrimination, ownership of genes, genetic privacy, access to and safety of gene therapy

Genetics - Lecture (12 decks)

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