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Chemistry - Module 4 > 11 - Organic Chem > Flashcards

11 - Organic Chem Flashcards

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1
Q

Define hydrocarbon

A

compound containing only carbon and hydrogen

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2
Q

Define saturated

A

molecule contains only single bond

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3
Q

Define unsaturated

A

molecule contains carbon-carbon multiple bonds

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4
Q

Define homologous series

A

a family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by CH2

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5
Q

Define functional group

A

the part of an organic molecule that is largely responsible for the molecules chemical properties

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6
Q

Define molecular formula

A

• Shows the number of each type of atom present in one molecule of a compound

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7
Q

Define empirical formula

A

• Shows the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms present

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8
Q

What does the neither the molecular or empirical formula show

A

information about the structure of a molecule

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9
Q

Define general formula

A

• Simplest algebraic formula for any member of the homologous series

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10
Q

General formula for alkanes

A
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11
Q

General formula for alkenes

A
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12
Q

General formula for alcohols

A
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13
Q

General formula for carboxylic acids

A
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14
Q

General formula for ketones

A
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15
Q

What is structural formula

A

• Shows how the atoms are arranged in a molecule and which functional groups are present
• Doesn’t show single bonds unlike displayed formula

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16
Q

What is the skeletal formula

A

Simplified organic formula

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17
Q

How to draw the skeletal formula

A

• Remove – all carbon/hydrogen labels + any bonds to hydrogen

• Leaving – a line representing a single bond // each corner is a carbon // any functional group

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18
Q

Draw the skeletal formula

A
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19
Q

What are the three types of hydrocarbons

A

• Aliphatic

• Alicyclic

• Aromatic

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20
Q

What are aliphatic hydrocarbons

A

carbons are joined to each other in unbranched or branched chains

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21
Q

What are Alicyclic hydrocarbons

A

carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring structures

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22
Q

What are aromatic hydrocarbons

A

some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring

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23
Q

Types of aliphatic hydrocarbons

A

• Alkanes

• Alkenes

• Alkynes

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24
Q

What are alkynes

A

contain at least one carbon – carbon triple bonds

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25
Q

IUPAC rules for nomenclature

A

• Identify the suffix – functional group
• Identify the longest continuous chain
o If two are the same length, the one with the more branches = longest
• Number the carbons, starting from the end which gives branches the lowest number
• Identify any side chains (alkyl groups) or other functional groups + identify which number carbon on the parent chain they are on

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26
Q

When to use commas in naming

A

Between two numbers

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27
Q

When to use dashes in naming

A

Between a number and a letter

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28
Q

How to make acyclic alkanes

A

• Same rules
• BUT use the prefix ‘cyclo’ in front of stem

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29
Q

Functional group name + example molecule of halo alkenes

A
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30
Q

Functional group name + example molecule of alcohols

A
31
Q

Functional group name + example molecule of aldehyde

A
32
Q

Functional group name + example molecule of ketone

A
33
Q

Functional group name + example molecule of carboxylic acid

A
34
Q

Order of priority of naming

A
35
Q

Name

A

Propan - 2 - ol

36
Q

Name

A
37
Q

Name

A
38
Q

Name

A
39
Q

Name

A
40
Q

Name

A
41
Q

Name

A
42
Q

Name

A
43
Q

Name

A
44
Q

Define isomers

A

molecules with the same molecular formula but in which the atoms are arranged in a different way

45
Q

Two types of isomerism

A

Structural and stereoisomerism

46
Q

Define structural isomerism

A

have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae

47
Q

Define stereoisomerism

A

have the same structural formula, but different arrangements of atoms in space.

48
Q

Types of structural isomerism

A

Chain isomerism /positional isomerism / functional groups isomerism

49
Q

What is chain isomerism

A

• the carbon chain is arranged differently.

50
Q

What does chain isomerism result in

A

The isomers will have similar chemical properties, but different physical properties.

51
Q

What is positional isomerism

A

• the functional group is attached to a different carbon atom

52
Q

What does positional isomerism result in

A

The isomers will have similar chemical properties, but different physical properties.

53
Q

What is functional group isomerism

A

• contain different functional groups and so are members of different homologous series.

54
Q

What does functional group isomerism result in

A

different chemical properties and physical properties.

55
Q

Example of functional group isomerism

A

both alcohols and ethers have the general formula CnH2n+2O so they may be functional group isomers

56
Q

Define covalent bond

A

a shared pair of electrons between two atoms

57
Q

How are covalent bonds broken

A

homolytic fission or heterolytic fission

58
Q

What is homolytic fission

A

• each atom takes one of the electrons from the bond

59
Q

What does homolytic fission result in

A

• Each atom now has a single unpaired electron = A radical

60
Q

Define radical

A

Species with an unpaired electron

61
Q

Example of homolytic fission

A
62
Q

What is heterolytic fission

A

• One of the atoms take both electrons from the bond

63
Q

What does heterolytic fission result in

A

• The atom with both electrons becomes a negative ion
• The atom that did not take the electrons becomes a positive ion

64
Q

Example of heterolytic fission

A
65
Q

Describe the difference between homolytic and heterolytic fission, using suitable examples (4 marks)

A
66
Q

What are the three types of reactions

A

• Addition, substitution, elimination

67
Q

What is addition reaction

A

• two reactants join together to form one product

68
Q

Example of an addition reaction

A

but-2-ene + water -> butan-2-ol

o A water molecule is added to an unsaturated alkene
o Breaking the double bond
o Forming a single, saturated compound

69
Q

What is a substitution reaction

A

• An atom/group of atoms is replaced by a different group/atom

70
Q

Example of a substitution reaction

A

1-bromobutane + OH- -> butan-1-ol + Br-

o An OH- ion (alcohol functional group) replaces Br- ion (bromine functional group)

71
Q

What is an elimination reaction

A

small molecule is removed from a compound, thus one reactant molecule forms two products.

72
Q

Example of an elimination reaction

A

ethanol - > ethene + water

o an acid catalyst helps remove a water molecule from an alcohol
o Removal of a group from a carbon means that the carbon must form a double bond (to fulfil the 4 bonds that it wants to form)

73
Q

What are curly arrows used for

A

to show the movement of electron pairs when bonds are broken/made

74
Q

Draw the heterolytic fission of carbon - bromine bond in bromoethane

A

Chemistry - Module 4 (10 decks)

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