11 October Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
Culture
A
Culture includes the values, beliefs, behaviors, attitudes, and expressive symbols that together, form a people’s way of life.
2
Q
Language
A
A set of symbols that expresses ideas and allows people to think and communicate with each other. Can be verbal or nonverbal. Language can be a source of discrimination. Expresses genger.
3
Q
Attitude towards Time
A
Being early, on time or late could be important or not important in different cultures.
4
Q
Taboos
A
Attitudes and beliefs about doing things against culturally accepted patterns.
5
Q
Status of Age
A
Accepted manners toward older persons, peers, younger persons. General respect or respect for elders
6
Q
Values
A
Standards by which members of culture define what is desirable or not, ugly or beautiful. The values identify those objects, conditions or characteristics that members of the society consider important
7
Q
Norms
A
Explicit or implicit Rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors. Failure to follow the rules can result in punishments, or exclusion from the group.
8
Q
Worldview
A
Fundamental orientation of an individual or society which includes a broad philosophy of existential and normative claims and assumptions about life.
Additionally, it refers to the framework of ideas and beliefs through which an individual interprets the world and interacts with it.
9
Q
Social Roles
A
Set of connected behaviors, rights and obligations as conceptualized by actors in a social situation. Social roles include appropriate and permitted forms of behavior guided by social norms. Roles are occupied by individuals, who are called actors.
10
Q
Symbols
A
Symbols represent something else. A symbol can be a sign, a place, a gesture, or even a person. A symbol can be local, regional, national, or international. Each culture has its own unique symbols. Symbols are often controversial.
11
Q
Artifacts
A
Any object made or modified by a human.
12
Q
Enculteration
A
The process by which we learn our culture.
13
Q
Mores
A
Norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance.
14
Q
Folkways
A
Popular norms; norms that are routine and casual in the broader population.
15
Q
Social Control
A
Means by which members of society encourage conformity to norms.
16
Q
High Culture
A
Refers to people who are the socially elite of society. Those going to the opera and attending symposiums.
17
Q
Popular Culture
A
Cultural patterns that are widespread among society’s population.
18
Q
George Simmel
A
German sociologist and philosopher Georg Simmel (1858-1918) wrote important studies of urban sociology, social conflict theory, and small-group relationships.
19
Q
George Simmel - The Stranger
A
Is a: “person who comes today and stays tomorrow… He is fixed within a particular spatial group…but his position…is determined…by the fact that he does not belong to it from the beginning,” and that he may leave again.
20
Q
Ethnocentrism
A
Tendency to believe that one’s ethnic or cultural group is centrally important, and that all other groups are measured in relation to one’s own. One example is the statue of Liberty given by Iran with a veil. Americans think they want to see it unveiled and Iranians think she’s beautiful like that.
21
Q
Robert Park
A
Born February 14, 1864, died February 7, 1944. Robert Ezra Park was an American sociologist noted for his work on ethnic minority groups, particularly African Americans, and on human ecology. One of the leading figures in what came to be known as the “Chicago school” of sociology, he initiated a great deal of fieldwork in Chicago that explored race relations, migration, ethnic relations, social movements, and social disorganization.
22
Q
Robert Park - Social Distance
A
Is the degree to which an individual perceives a lack of intimacy with individuals who are different in ethnicity, race, religion, occupation or other variables.
23
Q
Robert Park - Marginal Man
A
Marginal Man is “a cultural hybrid, an individual on the margin of two cultures which never completely fused.”
24
Q
Heterophily and homophily
A
Heterophily is the degree to which two or more individuals who communicate are NOT alike
Homophily is the degree to which two or more individuals who communicate ARE alike.
Most communication occurs between homophilous individuals.
25
Cosmopoliteness
The degree to which a person has a relatively high level of communication outside of his/her own system.
Cosmopolites provide a system with openness—the degree to which the system exchanges information with the environment.
26
Cultural Relativism
Individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood in terms of his or her own culture
27
Prejudice
Negative attitude, feeling or emotional response toward a group and its individual members
28
Attribution theory
People tend to explain a behavior attributing psychological or external causes
29
Confirmation Bias
Stereotypes can cause a perceiver to act in such a way that the stereotyped group member really does behave according to a a stereotype. The stereotype creates a “self-fulfilling prophecy.”
30
Discrimination
Actively mistreating or neglecting people because of their group membership.
31
Discrimination - Isolate discrimination
Harmful verbal & nonverbal action that targets an outgroup member on an individual basis.
32
Discrimination - Small-group discrimination
Group of individuals in ingroup engage in hostile and abusive actions against outgroup members
33
Discrimination - Direct institutional discrimination
Community-prescribed endorsement of discrimination
EXAMPLE:You are of an ethnic minority. You go for a job interview and are told upon arrival that the job is taken. You then arrange for a "white" friend to go for the same job. He/she is told that it is still available.
You attend a job interview and state that you have four children and the interviewer remarks about you having to take a lot of time from work.
34
Discrimination - Indirect institutional discrimination
You attend a job interview to discover that anyone who applies must have at least 10 years experience in the position which would put a young person at a disadvantage. An office or restaurant has disabled facilities but they can only be accessed from the rear of the building next to the rubbish bins. All others pass through the front door. Facilities are provided and accessible, but they put certain individuals at a disadvantage or expose them to humiliation.
35
Stereotypes
Beliefs to the effect that all members of specific social groups share certain traits or characteristics. Stereotypes are cognitive frameworks that strongly influence the processing of incoming social information. Stereotypes are not always negative.
36
Social Identity Theory of stereotypes
A person’s self-concept derived from membership in groups that are important to that person.
37
Social Identity theory - The Self-Esteem Hypothesis
A positive social identity is linked to personal identity. Feeling good about oneself. We identify with a group that does well, and thus feel good about ourselves—positive self-esteem
38
Ingroups and outgroups
In-group: The social group to which an individual perceives herself or himself as belonging (“us”)
Out-group: Any group other than the one to which individuals perceive themselves as belonging (“them”)
39
In-group differentiation
The tendency to perceive members of one’s own group as showing much larger differences from one another (as being more heterogeneous) than those of other groups
40
Out-group Homogeneity
“You know what they’re like; they’re all the same”
Illusion of out-group homogeneity: The tendency to perceive members of out-groups as more similar to one another (less variable) than the members of one’s own in-group.
41
Recategorization
Shifts in the boundary between an individual’s in-group (“us”) and some out-group (“them”), causing persons formerly viewed as out-group members now to be viewed as belonging to the in-group.
42
Theodor Adorno - Authoritarian Personality
Characterized by favoring absolute obedience to authority, as against individual freedom. Expecting unquestioning obedience. “Intolerance of ambiguity is the mark of an authoritarian personality” Theodor Adorno.
43
Theodor Adorno - Characteristics of an authoritarian personality
Conventionalism: rigid adherence to conventional. Middle-class values
•Authoritarian submission
•Authoritarian aggression
•Anti-intraception: Opposition to the subjective
•Superstition and stereotypy: Disposition to think in rigid categories. Mistical belief in individuals fate.
•Power and toughness:
•Projectivity: Projection of unconscious emotional impulses
•Sexual repression: Exaggerated concern with sexual happenings.
44
Posture & Gestures - Kinesics
This can tell us about tension, relaxation, power, vulnerability, mood and personality. Some believe that there are as many as 5,000 hand gestures and 1,000 kinds of posture. Sometimes substituted for words.
45
Affect displays (Face & Eyes)
Facial expressions which include eyebrows, forehead, eyes, lips and jaw. Sometimes difficult to interpret because of the tremendous complexity of possible expressions. In spite of this complexity, research shows that people are remarkably accurate at judging meaning of facial expressions
46
Distance - Proxemics
```
The amount of space we maintain between ourselves and the person(s) we are communicating with, sends messages about: how we feel about other(s) at that particular time, what the context of the conversation is, what our personal goals are.
Intimate Distance : touching to 18”
Personal Distance: 18” to 4’
Social Distance ; 4’ to 12’
Public Distance :12’ +
```
47
Time - Chronemics
The way we use and structure time can send intentional and unintentional messages about what we value and consider important.
48
Touch/Tactile - Haptics
The earliest means of making contact with others.
This has been shown to be essential to human development. Throughout life, touch plays an important role in how we respond to others and to our environment.
49
Paralanguage
How you say something through the use of volume, pitch, rate and stress. Tone of voice, pauses and rhythm. The rate of speech also tells us something about the speaker’s feelings.
50
Clothing - Artifactual Communication
We make assumptions about people, and their messages on the basis of the clothing they wear and the objects they have associated with them. These assumptions may be incorrect or even unfair. In order to communicate effectively, we should be aware of these biases. We dress differently depending on the situation and who we are with. Our clothing can identify or help to influence our attitude.
51
Physical appearance
Physical Attractiveness. In our society, we have norms that dictate what is attractive and what is not. Our media plays on attractiveness and we tend to value more the words and actions of a person viewed as physically attractive. Combines with artifactual communication (clothing) so that we see the attractiveness not only of the person but also of the artifacts they wear.
52
Emblems
Emblems are non-verbal messages that have a verbal counterpart. For example, the British sign for Victory
53
Illustrators
Illustrators are less clearly linked to specific sayings or words being used. Illustrators are used more consistently to illustrate what is being said. Again, the usage and the amount of illustrators used is different from culture to culture. For example Latin cultures in general make more use of illustrators than Anglo-Saxon cultures.
54
Past-oriented cultures
People regard previous experiences and events as most important.
•They place a primary emphasis on tradition.
•They show great respect for parents and the elderly.
55
Present-oriented cultures
People regard current experiences as most important.
•They place a major emphasis on spontaneity and immediacy.
•They experience each moment as fully as possible
56
Future-oriented cultures
People believe tomorrow is most important.
•Current activities are accomplished not for their own sake but for the potential future benefits.
•Their fate is at least partially in their own hands and therefore they can control the consequences of their action.
57
Circular time system
Life is cyclical. People are reborn after death
58
Linear time system
Time is a straight line that moves forward only. Time has a starting point and will have an ending day
59
Monochronic time system
Things should be done one at a time, and time is segmented into precise, small units. Time is viewed as a commodity; it is scheduled, managed and arranged. People in a M-time system are very time-driven
60
Polychronic time system
Several things are being done at the same time. Relationships between people are far more important than schedules. Appointment will be quickly broken, schedules readily set aside, and deadlines unmet without guilt or apology when friends or family members require attention
61
Difference between the traditional study of civilizations and World Systems historians.
World System History: is a multidisciplinary, macro-scale approach to world history and social change which emphasizes the world-system (and not nation states) as the primary (but not exclusive) unit of social analysis.
62
Regulators:
Regulators are non-verbal signs that regulate, modulate and maintain the flow of speech during a conversation. These can be both kinesic, such as the nodding of a head, as well as nonkinesic
63
Individualist culture:
Individualist cultures, such as those of the United States and Western Europe, emphasize personal achievement regardless of the expense of group goals, resulting in a strong sense of competition.
64
Collectivist culture:
Collectivist cultures, such as those of China, Korea, and Japan, emphasize family and work group goals above individual needs or desires.
65
High context culture:
High context refers to societies or groups where people have close connections over a long period of time. Many aspects of cultural behavior are not made explicit because most members know what to do and what to think from years of interaction with each other. Your family is probably an example of a high context environment.
66
Low context culture:
Low context refers to societies where people tend to have many connections but of shorter duration or for some specific reason. In these societies, cultural behavior and beliefs may need to be spelled out explicitly so that those coming into the cultural environment know how to behave.
67
What is World Systems theory:
is a multidisciplinary, macro-scale approach to world history and social change which emphasizes the world-system (and not nation states) as the primary (but not exclusive) unit of social analysis. Immanuel Wallerstein es el Principal teórico del análisis de sistema-mundo.
68
What are the FOUR major characteristics of a world system?
Core
Semi periphery
Periphery
External
69
Define: Core, periphery and semi-periphery in world systems theory.
1. Core: strong industrialized states
2. Periphery: weak states, many peasants
3. Semi-periphery: intermediate between the core and periphery
Core accumulates wealth at the expense of the periphery (unequal exchange)
70
Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Indus, and Central Asia :Identify and discuss world systems that existed prior to Wallerstein’s idea of world systems.
By the late 3rd Millennium BCE, Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Indus, and Central Asia were Exchanging goods and ideas by sea and land
71
Roman Empire, Identify and discuss world systems that existed prior to Wallerstein’s idea of world systems
The Romans also used roads to consolidate their own vast world system
72
Han dynasty and the Silk Routes. Identify and discuss world systems that existed prior to Wallerstein’s idea of world systems;
China became involved in the Silk Roads trade with Rome
This led the emperors to establish military colonies and greatly enlarge the extent of the first Chinese empire The connection of China to the rest of Afroeurasia provided a huge impetus towards globalization
73
Islamic civilization. Identify and discuss world systems that existed prior to Wallerstein’s idea of world systems
to 632, Arabia Saudita
to 656 Irak e inicio norte africa
to 750 mas norte de africa, afganistan
74
Mongols. Identify and discuss world systems that existed prior to Wallerstein’s idea of world systems
..sur de Rusia
75
75 Zheng He. Identify and discuss world systems that existed prior to Wallerstein’s idea of world systems
Rutas negocio
76
Why was the Afroeurasian zone able to overtake the Americas zone?
Compared to the other world zones, the Afro-European zone was:
Larger,
More interlinked,
More technologically dynamic
This is why, when the different zones collided after 1492, the societies of the Afroeurasian zone soon dominated the other zones.
77
What was the Columbian exchange? (Discuss the the biological exchange between the New and Old worlds.
• Columbus traveled between Europe and the Americas on four voyages
•On these expeditions he brought goods to and from the new world
•Columbus began a new source of global exchange: the Columbian Exchange
In reality, this regional exchange started along the coast of Newfoundland (Vikings) and was accelerated by Columbus.
Disease deeply harmed indigenous peoples.
The fatality rate over a period of two to three generations was 95% for many tribal groups
78
Identify items that travelled from the Americas to the Afroeurasian zone.
Syphilis, polio, hepatitis and encephalitis were new world diseases
African slaves were less vulnerable to European diseases than were Indigenous peoples.
79
Identify items that travelled from the Afroeurasian to the Americas zone.
Smallpox, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, chicken pox, scarlet fever and influenza were the most common microbial diseases exchanged
Nearly all of the European diseases were communicable by air and touch.
Trigo cebolla manzanas, zanahorias caballos, radishes, watermellon, coffee, rice, sugarcane, mangoes.
80
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Idea that language has power and can control how you see the world. Language is a guide to your reality, structuring your thoughts. Language provides the framework through which you make sense of the world.
81
Linguistic universalism
Language mirrors reality: People have thoughts first, then put them into words.
Words record what is already there. All humans think the same way, but we use different words to label what we sense.
82
Edward Said - Orientalismo
Creador del concepto de Orientalismo. The West is depicted as rational, driven by the work ethic, efficient, modern, and capable of practicing self-control. The East is represented as the opposite of the West:
•Savage, feminine sensuality, lazy, fundamentalist, anti-modern
•A golden world and earthly paradise
•The simple innocent life of the people; people living in a pure state of nature
the East is represented as the opposite of the West contd:
•The lack of developed social organization and civil society
•The frank and open sexuality of the women (harems); men are sexually repressed
•Individuals are despotic when placed in positions of power; sly and obsequious when in subservient positions
Orientalism typically refers to the Middle East, but similar features are also seen in Western depiction of First Peoples, and other cultures around the world
83
Postcolonialism
“Post-colonial studies is a literary movement, that attempts to describe and understand the experience of colonized peoples --before and after colonization --by an examination of texts: books, images, movies, advertising, and so on.”
84
Occidentalism:
1. Stereotyped views of the Western world, which may include North America and Europe.
2. They can be ideas of the West developed in either the West or non-West.
85
Romanticism (parte de occidentalismo)
Romanticism believed in all that is irrational, imaginative, mystical, spontaneous, and emotional. Romanticism had a deep appreciation of the beauty of nature; put emotion over reason and the senses over the intellect.
86
Modernism (parte de occidentalismo)
An artistic experiment from the late 19th to the mid-20th century, particularly in the years following World War I.
Modernists rejected the effects of industrialization, rapid social change, advances in science and the social sciences (e.g., Darwinism, Freudian theory).
Most modernists rejected the Enlightenment and also the idea of a compassionate, all-powerful Creator.
87
Revolutionary Conservatism (parte de occidentalismo)
The Conservative Revolutionaries believed in a superior German cultural and political life.
American society and material culture were seen as a threat to European, and especially German culture. They did not like the liberalism and egalitarianism that came from the Enlightenment. They rejected industrial and urban civilization.
88
Slavophile Movement (parte de occidentalismo)
Russian political thought (Occidentalism) Mid 19thcentury
•Slavophilism developed between 1830’s and the 1850’s.
•Westernism was used by the Slavophiles to describe the betrayal of Russian tradition in favor of Western civilization.
•Slavophiles believe that Russia possesses its own historical, cultural and moral traditions.
Slavic Peoplesare an ethnic and linguistic branch of Indo-European peoples living mainly in central and eastern Europe. Over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities.
89
Islamism
A set of ideas that sees Islam not only a religion but also a political system, and that modern Muslims must return to their roots of their religion, and unite politically.
Islamism sees western civilization as idolatrous barbarism.
Western barbarism is seen by some to be corrupting the spirituality of the East.
90
Chinese Occidentalism
Only Chinese can understand China; no foreigner, however wellversed in language and culture, can ever understand what it means to be Chinese—Chinese cultural exlusivism.
As a result of western imperialism, Chinese nationalists reject many aspects of western culture as corrupt and degenerate.
Even the Chinese Communist party recognizes that Karl Marx, the philosophical father of communist ideology, may need to be rejected. The result is a reinstating of Confucian values.
91
Anthropology
Anthropologyis the study of humanity. The term "anthropology" is from the Greek anthrōpos, "human being", and -logia, "discourse" or "study", and was first used in 1501 by German philosopher Magnus Hundt.
Anthropology deals with theorigins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics, social customs and beliefs of humankind.
92
Paradigm
A paradigmis an example, model or pattern; a philosophical or theoretical framework of any kind
93
Noble Savage
A primitive human as characterized in literature, representing natural goodness and simplicity when not encumbered by civilization
Someone who belongs to an “uncivilized” group or tribe and is considered to be, consequently, more worthy than people who live within civilization.
94
Unilineal Evolution
Paradigm I:Unilineal Evolution
•19thCentury Concept of Cultural Evolution
–The process by which new cultural forms emerge out of older ones
–Each Society is believed to PROGRESS through the same stages of development, from SAVAGERY to BARBARISM to CIVILIZATION
•Only Europeans had reached civilization
95
Historical Particularism
Paradigm II:Historical Particularism
•Early 20thC. paradigm change
•Rejected the cultural evolutionary model
96
Culture and Personality
Paradigm III: Culture & Personality
•1930-50s –Students of Boas
•Borrowed from psychology
•Focus on the individual as the bearer of culture
•Studied process of enculturation, especially child development
97
Ethnography
Any qualitative research project where the intent is to provide a detailed, in-depth description of everyday life and practice. This is sometimes referred to as "thick description" --a term attributed to the anthropologist Clifford Geertzin the early 1970s
98
Manifest Destiny & Conquest
* Convergence of politics, religion, race, economics, military
* Justify conquest
* Racial supremacy
* Gold at the end of the rainbow
99
Re-Enacting the West
* 150 other shows
* Thrills & excitement
* Indians as aggressors
* Settlers as victims
* Conquerers as victims
* Re-writing history thru guilt and denial
100
Consuming the West
Elements of disfraz y decoracion
101
Ghost Dances
The Ghost Dance: Offered hope. The belief was that Ghost Dance rituals would restore Native culture and power and Euro Americans would leave.
102
Wounded Knee
Wounded Knee Massacre December 29, 1890. Wounded Knee Creek, Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota.
Members of the Sioux Tribe felt that their culture had been
Destroyed.
Financially dependent on the US government for their annuities, unable to support themselves by hunting buffalo.
103
Ignoble Savage
Attacks upon innocent people with no formal declaration of war, together with mutilation and the scalping of fallen
victims, are characteristics of the ignoble savage.
Enjoys the act of killing and especially the killing of defenseless victims, that is, women and children.
Torture is another trait of the ignoble savage.
104
The Good Indian
Has usually converted to Christianity.
Serves Euro Americans as scouts, arbitrators, and local guides.
Recognizes the superiority of white culture to Indian culture.
Knows his/her place in white culture.
Is more polished than his/her wild counterparts, less threatening and less proud; timid and grateful to the whites.
Is often isolated within white culture.
105
Going Native
The fear felt by European colonizers that they may become desecrated (dirtied) by assimilating into the culture and customs of the indigenous peoples.
Fear of departure from European culture as seen in native rituals and customs regarding food, dress and entertainment.
In western liberal society, ‘going native' is considered to be an offensive term.
