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Nervous System (Semester 5) > 1.1 Nuts Bolts of the Brain > Flashcards

1.1 Nuts Bolts of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of the Nervous system?

A

Central NS

Peripheral NS

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2
Q

Input into the CNS are ____ fibres

Output from CNS are ____ fibres

A

Pathways that are coming ‘INTO’ the brain are termed ‘afferent’

Pathways coming ‘OUT’ are termed ‘efferent’

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3
Q

What are the 2 divisions of Efferent pathways?

A

Somatic NS

Autonomic NS

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4
Q

What are the 2 divsions of the Autonomic NS?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS

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5
Q

What neurons do the Somatic NS innervate and what does this control?

A

Somatic NS innervates motor neurons which controls skeletal muscles

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6
Q

What are the 3 most common imaging planes?

Label what each in on the CT below

A

Axial

Sagital

Coronal

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7
Q

Label the planes below

A
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8
Q

What plane is shown below?

A
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9
Q

What plane is shown below?

A
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10
Q

What plane is shown below?

Label the arrows and state the function of each

A

Basal Ganglia: motor control

Thalamus: relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex

Hypothalamus: releasing hormones, regulating body temp, daily physiological cycles

Cortex: largest site of neural integration, key role in attention, perception, awareness, thought, memory, language, and consciousness

Hippocampus: memory and emotion

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11
Q

What are depressions/fissures in the surface of brain called?

What is the ridge on the cerebral cortex called?

A

Sulcus

Gyrus (generally surrounded by one or more sulci)

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12
Q

What is grey matter and what is white matter?

A

Grey matter = neuron rich regions (cell bodies)

White matter = myelinated axons

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13
Q

What are collections of nerve cell bodies in the PNS vs CNS known as?

A

Cell bodies in PNS = Ganglia
Cell bodies in CNS = Nuclei

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14
Q

What structure comprise the Brainstem?

List their functions

A

Midbrain: motor movement (esp eye), auditory and visual processing takes place

Pons: relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum

Medulla: directly controls certain ANS responses such as HR, breathing, BV dilation and digestion

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15
Q

What structures are found in the forebrain and list the functions?

A

Forebrain

  • Cerebrum (85% of the brain)
  • Thalamus: processing centre for sensory information
  • Hypothalamus: control centre for the ANS
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16
Q

What structures are found in the midbrain?

As we reach the topmost part of the brainstem how does this differ?

A

Midbrain: vital connection between the forebrain and hindbrain

Midbrain can be divided into:

  • tectum
  • colliculi
  • tegmentum
  • peduncles

Topmost part of brainstem does not have the tectum

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17
Q

What structures are found in the hindbrain and list the functions?

A

Hindbrain

  • Pons: connects brain with spinal cord and cranial nerve nuclei
  • Medulla oblongata: autonomic vital function such as heart rate and breathing
  • Cerebellum: coordination
18
Q

Label the anatomical landmarks (gyrus)

A
19
Q

Label the anatomical landmarks

A
20
Q

Label the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex

A
21
Q

List 4 functions of the frontal lobe?

A

motor function, problem solving, spontaneity, memory, language, initiation, judgement, impulse control, and social and sexual behaviour

22
Q

List the functions of the Parietal lobe

A

Can be divided into two functional regions

  • one involves sensation and perception
  • the other is concerned with integrating sensory input, primarily with the visual system.
23
Q

List the functions of the Temporal lobe

A

auditory perception, such as hearing and holds the primary auditory cortex

24
Q

List 4 functions of the occipital lobe

A

Visual processing area of the brain, associated with visuospatial processing, distance and depth perception, color determination, object and face recognition, and memory formation

25
Q

What are Brodmann areas?

A

Areas defined by cell histology and organisation, related to function.

26
Q

What are the 2 halves of the brain called and how are they linked?

A

Cerebral hemispheres linked by the corpus callosum

27
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

A large tract of white matter that seperates the right and left hemispheres

28
Q

What is the corona Radiata?

A

Area of white matter immediately below grey matter of cortex

29
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin and end?

A

Extends from the foramen magnum to L1 in the vertebral canal

(below L1 is the cauda equina)

30
Q

Where do sensory vs motor neurons enter the ganglion

A

Sensory neurones enter in the dorsally (posterior) horn

Motor neurons exit through the ventral (anterior) horn

31
Q

What is the centre and outer of the spinal cord made of?

How is each organised?

A

Central grey matter = neuronal cell bodies

  • Organized into laminae of Rexed

Outer white matter = myelinated axons

  • Organized into specific structure
32
Q

What is the longest and widest nerve in the body and what are its nerve roots?

In what condition is this nerve of particular importance?

A

Sciatic nerve arises from roots of L4-S3 of the sacral plexus

Runs down the lower limb, clinically important in sciatica

33
Q

Label the tracts of the spinal cord that nerve pathways run through on the image below

A
34
Q

What are the 2 components of the posterior columns of ganglion?

A

Fasciculus gracilis

Fasciculus cuneatus

35
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

Describe each

A

Dura mater:

  • thick, tough, outer membrane in 2 layers

Arachnoid mater:

  • thin membrane with thread-like processes that make contact with the pia mater
  • contains arteries and is filled with CSF
  • Increases in size to form cisterns

Pia mater

  • Envelopes the contours of the brain and spinal cord
36
Q

Label the image below

A
37
Q

What are extensions of the dura mater?

What are the 3 important dural extensions mater

A

These are non-compliant membranes that divide the intracranial vault in various ways

3 Important:

  • The falx cerebri
  • The falx cerebelli
  • The tentorium cerebelli
38
Q

What secretes and modifies CSF?

What absorbs CSF?

Describe the circulation of CSF

A

Secreted by the choroid plexuses (modified ependymal cells) of the ventricles

Resorption in venous sinuses via arachnoid granulations

39
Q

Describe the composition of CSF and list 3 main functions

A

Similar constituents to blood plasma BUT less albumin and glucose

Functions:

  1. bathe and cushion the brain against mechanical agitation
  2. reservoir for metabolic substrates for the brain
  3. dissolves & carries away products of metabolism from the brain
40
Q

What is the function of the ventricles of the brain?

List the components of the ventricular system

A

The ventricles are lined by ependymal cells, which form a structure called the choroid plexus, this produces CSF and the ventricles transport it around the cranial cavity

Ventricular system

  • 2 lateral ventricles
  • third ventricle
  • cerebral aqueduct
  • fourth ventricle
41
Q

Give 4 functions of the blood brain barrier?

A

1) physical barrier: prevents passage of molecules and cells into brain
2) protection: against toxins, pathogens
3) maintains a constant intracerebral chemical environment
4) facilitates and restricts molecules/drugs from the blood to the CSF

42
Q

Give 2 features of the BBB that restrict molecules/drugs passing from the blood to the CSF

A

1) cerebral capillary endothelial cells have tight junctions
2) astrocytic foot processes

Nervous System (Semester 5) (21 decks)

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