(1.1) Neurological Disorders

Question 1

___ ___ are conditions that affect the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, leading to a variety of symptoms.

Answer 1

Neurological Disorders

Question 2

Neurological disorders can lead to symptoms ranging from movement and cognitive ____ to emotional and behavioral ____.

Answer 2

impairments, disturbances

Question 3

Neurological disorders can be caused by (5)

Answer 3

genetic factors
infections
traumatic injuries
degenerative diseases
chemical imbalances

Question 4

What are the 11 common neurological disorders?

Answer 4

Glaucoma
Vertigo
Bipolar Disorder
Schizophrenia
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety-Related Disorders
Sleep-Wake Disorders
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Eating Disorders
Personality Disorders
Substance Abuse Disorders

Question 5

___ is a group of eye diseases.

Answer 5

Glaucoma

Question 6

Glaucoma causes damage to what nerve?

Answer 6

optic nerve

Question 7

Glaucoma is often due to ____ ____ ____ (IOP)

Answer 7

increased intraocular pressure

Question 8

The IOP can lead to progressive ___ ___.

Answer 8

vision loss

Question 9

What is the pathophysiology of glaucoma?

Answer 9

increase iop –> impairs blood flow to optic nerve –> causing nerve fiber degeneration –> irreversible blindness

Question 10

____ is experienced with a sensation of spinning dizziness.

Answer 10

Vertigo

Question 11

Vertigo is often caused by __ ___ disorders or neurological conditions.

Answer 11

inner ear

Question 12

What is the pathophyiology of vertigo?

Answer 12

a result of vestibular dysfunction or central causes

Question 13

What are benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and Meniere’s disease examples of?

Answer 13

vestibular dysfunction

Question 14

What are stroke and multiple sclerosis examples of?

Answer 14

central causes

Question 15

What is a mental heath condition causing extreme mood swings?

Answer 15

Bipolar Disorder

Question 16

Bipolar disorder causes extreme mood swings between ____ and ____.

Answer 16

mania and depression

Question 17

There are two types of bipolar disorder, what is the difference?

Answer 17

Bipolar 1 - full manic episode followed by hypomania or depression
Bipolar 2 - elevated mood/hypomania, less intense

Question 18

What is the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder?

Answer 18

involves dysregulation of neurotransmitters and structural changes in the brain

Question 19

What dyregulated neurotransmitters are involed in bipolar disorder?

Answer 19

dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

Question 20

In what structure of the brain can cause bipolar disorder when changed?

Answer 20

prefrontal cortex and amygdala adnormalities

Question 21

____ is a severe mental disorder affecting thought processes, emotions, and behaviors.

Answer 21

Schizophrenia

Question 22

Schizophrenia can be (3)

Answer 22

visual, auditory, spatial

Question 23

Schizophrenia is linked to dopamine hyperactivity in what pathway?

Answer 23

mesolimbic pathway

Question 24

In the prefrontal cortex, what is schizophrenia linked to?

Answer 24

hypofunction

Question 25

Schizophrenia is also associated with structural ___ ___.

Answer 25

brain abnormalities

Question 26

____ ___ are characterized by excessive fear, worry, and behavioral disturbances.

Answer 26

Anxiety Disorders

Question 27

What is the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders?

Answer 27

hyperactivity of the amygdala and dysregulation of neurotransmitters

Question 28

This include conditions like OCD and PTSD, and panic disorder.

Answer 28

Anxiety-Related Disorders

Question 29

What is the pathophysiology of anxiety-related disorders?

Answer 29

abnormal stress responses and dysregulation of the HPA axis

Question 30

What does HPA axis stand for?

Answer 30

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Question 31

___ ___ ___ is a mental illness marked by recurrent, intrusive, unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors.

Answer 31

Obessive-Compulsive Disorder

Question 32

___ ___ __ ___ is a personality disorder in which someone always wants to be in control and tends to be persistent over time.

Answer 32

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Question 33

____ ___ ___ are conditions that affect an individual's sleep patterns.

Answer 33

Sleep-Wake Disorders

Question 34

What is the pathophysiology of sleep-wake disorders?

Answer 34

dysfunction in the sleep-wake cycle

Question 35

The sleep-wake cycle is regulated by what? (2)

Answer 35

hypothalamus and neurotransmitters (melatonin and orexin)

Question 36

What sleep-wake disorder is due to caffeine dependence?

Answer 36

Insomnia

Question 37

Our natural body clock is also known as?

Answer 37

circadian rhythm

Question 38

What happens when one has parasomnias?

Answer 38

sleep walking/sleep walk

Question 39

Central disorders of hypersomnolence can also be caused by what?

Answer 39

reccuring thoughts

Question 40

____ ____ includes ADHD and ASD.

Answer 40

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Question 41

What is the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders?

Answer 41

abnormal brain development

Question 42

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be caused by neurotransmitter imbalances like what?

Answer 42

dopamine and norepinephrine

Question 43

One of the causes of autism spectrum disorder is an altered ____ ___.

Answer 43

synaptic connectivity

Question 44

Does autism fall into just one category?

Answer 44

No, because as the name suggest, there is a spectrum.

Question 45

___ ___ include anorexia and bulimia nervosa.

Answer 45

Eating Disorders

Question 46

In eating disorders, there is a dysfunction in the ____ of an individual and an impaired ____ ____ mechanisms.

Answer 46

hypothalamus, reward-processing

Question 47

There is an altered ___ ___ in an invidual with eating disorders.

Answer 47

serotonin regulation

Question 48

___ ___ happenes when one tries to cut down on eating as they are afraid to gain weight.

Answer 48

Anorexia Nervosa

Question 49

In ___ ___, an individual is willing to eat but vomits right after, also afraid of gaining weight.

Answer 49

bulimia nervosa

Question 50

___ ___ are characterized by rigid and unhealthy patterns of thinking, behavior, and emotional regulation.

Answer 50

Personality Disorders

Question 51

The pathophysiology of personality disorders shows an altered brain structure and function in the (3).

Answer 51

prefrontal cortex, amygdala, limbic system

Question 52

What are the three classes of personality disorders categorized as?

Answer 52

Class A - delusions and hallucinations Class B - antisocial disorders Class C - attachment disorders

Question 53

___ ___ ___ is relate to the excessive or harmful use of substances like alcohol and drugs.

Answer 53

Substance Abuse Disorders

Question 54

In substance abuse disorders, there are changes in the brain's ___ ___ and an increased ___ release.

Answer 54

reward system, dopamine

Question 55

The alterations in the ___ ___ lead to impaired decision-making and impulse control in people with substance abuse disorders.

Answer 55

frontal cortex

Question 56

What theory states that people always crave pleasure therefore making them dependent on substances that make them feel it?

Answer 56

Hedonism