1.1 : Intro to Immunosero & Histroy Flashcards
It is the scientific study of serum and other body fluids
Serology
He is the Father of Scientific History
Thucydides
He recorded that individuals who had previously contracted plague was able to recover and noted their “immune” status
Thucydides
These people practiced a form of immunization by inhaling dried powders from smallpox lesions
Chinese
This is the form of immunization through inhaling dried powders from smallpox lesions
Variolation
She was a wife of a British diplomat in Constantinople who allowed her son to be inoculated through variolation
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
He was the first one who introduced vaccination (from smallpox lesions)
Edward Jenner
He first observed phagocytosis
Ernest Heackel
He is known as the Father of Immunology and discovered live attenuated vaccine for rabies
Luis Pasteur
He is the Father of Phagocytosis Theory and the first to explain cell-mediated immunity through phagocytosis
Élie Metchnikoff
They proposed the Humoral theory of Immunity
Von Behring, Kitasato
He demonstrated cutaneous (delayed type) hypersensitivity
Koch
He introduced the Antibody formation theory
Paul Ehrlich
They introduced Immediate-hypersensitivity Anaphylaxis
Paul Portier, Charles Richet
He introduced Arthus reaction of Intermediate hypersensitivity
Nicolas Maurice Arthus
He proposed the Hypothesis of Antigen-Antibody binding
Marrack
He introduced the Hypothesis of Allograft rejection and the Acquired Immunologic Tolerance (with Burnet)
Peter Medawar
They developed the polio vaccine
Salk, Sabin
He developed the vaccine against Yellow fever
Reed
He elaborated on Graft vs Host reaction
Dick W. van Bekkum
He introduced Clonal Selection theory
Burnet
They elaborated on interferons (viral interference)
Alice Isaacs, Jean Lindenmann
He introduced the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLAs)
Jean Dausset
He explained the cooperation of the T & B cell in immune cooperation
Henry Claman
They demonstrated the identification of antibody molecule
Edelman, Porter
They demonstrated the first monoclonal antibodies
Kohler, Milstein
He identified genes for T cell receptor
James P. Allison
He discovered the Monoclonal Hepatitis B vaccine
Pablo DT Valenzuela
He demonstrated the Th1 vs Th2 model of T helper cell function
Mossman
He identified the Toll-like receptor
Jules Hoffman, Bruce Beutler
He discovered FOXP3 which is the genera directing regulatory T cell development
Ramsdell
He developed the Human Papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine
Ian Frazer
It is the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body
Immunology
This means making a pathogen less virulent or weakened
Attenuation
This process means cells that eat cells
Phagocytosis
These are certain humoral or circulating factors that coat the bacteria so that they become more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells
Opsonins (opsonization)
What are some examples of serum factors / opsonins?
- Antibodies (IgG except IgA)
- Acute phase reactants (APR) (e.g.: CRP)
- Complement
What are the two major branches of immunity?
Innate & Adaptive/Acquired
It is the branch of immunity which has the ability to resist infection by means of normally present body functions
Innate / Natural Immunity
This branch of immunity are considered nonadaptive or nonspecific and are the same for all pathogens or foreign substances to which one is exposed
Innate / Natural Immunity
This branch of immunity does not require prior exposure and the response lacks memory and specificity
Innate / Natural Immunity
This branch of immunity is characterized by specificity and has the ability to remember prior exposure
Adaptive / Acquired Immunity
What are the cells of the Innate immune system
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
- monocytes
What is the leukocyte mainly part of the Adaptive immune system
Lymphocytes
All blood cells arise from a type of cell called a ________
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
What are the two progenitor cells that give rise to various precursors cells?
- Common myeloid precursors (CMP)
- Common lymphoid precursors (CLP)
This precursor cells give rise to the WBCs that participate in phagocytosis, which are known as the __________
Common myeloid precursors ; myeloid line
These cells are key to innate immunity, but they are also important in processing antigens for the adaptive response
Phagocytic cells
What type of leukocyte arises from the common lymphoid precursors (CLP)?
Lymphocyte
This type of leukocyte is known as segs and contain a large number of neutral staining granules
Neutrophils
The azurophilic granules / primary granules found in one-third of neutrophils contain antibacterial products such as:
- myeloperoxidase
- lysozyme
- elastase
- proetinase-3
- cathepsin G
- defnsins
The specific / secondary granules of neutrophils are mainly composed of:
- lysozyme
-lactoferrin - collage ash
- gelatinase
- respiratory burst components
What is main function of neutrophils?
Phagocytosis
In the process of neutrophils, ______ occurs to allow neutrophils to move from the circulating blood to the tissues through a process known as ___________
Margination ; diapedesis
It is the movement of neutrophils through blood vessels
Diapedesis
These are chemical messengers that cause cells to migrate in a particular direction.
Chemotaxins
This type of leukocyte increases during an allergic reaction or response to certain parasitic infections.
Eosinophils
T or F
Eosinophils are capable of phagocytosis but are much less efficient than neutrophils
True (smaller and lack digestive enzymes)
T or F
Eosinophils are able to neutralize basophil and mast cell products
True
What is the most important role of eosinophils?
Regulation of the immune response, including regulation of mast cell function
This the least numerous of all leukocyte types
Basophils
This type of leukocyte regulates some T helper (Th) cell responses and stimulate B cells to produce the antibody IgE
Basophils
This type of leukocyte stays in peripheral blood for up to 30 hours; they then migrate to the tissues and become known as macrophage
Monocyte
All macrophages arise from __________
monocytes
The transition from monocyte to macrophage in the tissues is characterized by ____________
progressive cellular enlargement
Unlike monocytes, macrophages contain no ___________
no peroxidase
What is the macrophage present in the lungs?
Alveolar macrophages
What is the macrophage present in the liver?
Kupffer cells
What is the macrophage present in the brain!
Microglial cells
What is the macrophage present in the bones?
Osteoclasts
What is the macrophage present in connective tissues?
Histocytes
T or F
Macrophages may not be as efficient as neutrophils in phagocytosis because their motility is slow
Trye
T or F
Macrophages play an important role in initiating and regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses
True
Macrophages under _______ immune system has the following functions:
- microbial killing
- anti-tumor activity
- intracellular parasite eradication
- phagocytosis
- secretion of cell mediators
Innate immunity
Killing activity of macrophages are enhanced when they become “activated” by contact with microorganisms or with chemical messengers called __________, which are released by ___________
cytokines ; T lymphocytes
Macrophages play a major role in the ________ immune response by presenting antigens to T and B cells
adaptive
This tissue cells resembles basophils , however comes from a different cell lineage and has a longer life span (9 - 18 mos.)
Mast cells
This tissue cell plays an important role in allergic reactions and can also function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and both enhance and suppress adaptive immune responses
Mast cells
This tissue cells present the antigen to T lymphocytes to initiate the adaptive immune response in a similar way as macrophages
Dendritic cells
It is the most effective APC
Dendritic cells
It is the most potent phagocytic cells
Dendritic cells
Lymphocytes arise from an HSC and then are further differentiated in the primary lymphoid organs: __________ & ________
- bone marrow
- thymus
Lymphocytes can be divided into three major populations namely:
- T cells
- B cells
- NK cells (Natural Killer)
Among the three major populations of lymphocytes, rank them from most abundant to least abundant
- T cells (61% - 80%)
- B cells (20%)
- NK cells (10 - 15%)
Antigenic groups identified by different sets of antibodies reacting in a similar manner to certain standard cell lines best describes ___________
Clusters of differentiation (CD)
This cell of the Adaptive IS remain in the environment provided by bone marrow stromal cells
B cells
B cells can be recognized by the presence of membrane-bound antibodies of two types, namely:
- IgM
- IgD
Other surface proteins that appear on the B cell include:
- CD19
- CD21
- Class II MHC
T cells are so named because they differentiate in the __________
thymus
In T cells, lymphocyte precursors called _________ enter the thymus from the bone marrow through the bloodstream
thymocytes
The role of T cells is to produce ________ that contribute to immunity by stimulating B cells to produce antibodies, assisting in killing tumor cells or infected target cells, and helping to regulate both the innate and adaptive immune response
cytokines
The process in which T cells are responsible for is _______
Cell-mediated immunity
The process in which B cells are responsible for is (secretion) _______
Humoral immunity
What are the 3 main subtypes of T cells which can distinguish them according to their unique functions:
C-H-R
- regulatory
- cytolytic
- helper
The subtypes of T cells can be identified by the presence of the ________ marker on their cell surface
CD3
T cells can be identified by either _____ or ____ (CD)
CD4+, CD8+
T cells bearing the ______ receptor are mainly either helperor regulatory cells
CD4
T cells bearing the ______ consists of cytotoxic T cells
CD8+
The ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cells in peripheral blood is:
2:1
These cells ability to kill target cells without prior exposure to them
NK cells
These cells mature in the bone marrow itself similar to B cells, however are part of innate immunity and are larger than B & T cells
NK cells
T or F
There are no surface markers that are unique to NK cells
True
Because of the presence of _______ (CD), NK cells are able to make contact with and then lyse any cell coated with antibodies
CD16
These cells are capable of recognizing any foreign cell and represent the first line of defense against virally infected cells and tumor cells
NK cells
This plays an important role as a transitional cell bridging the innate and adoptive immune response
NK cells
What are the two primary lymphoid organs?
- Bone marrow
- thymus
What are the secondary lymphoid organs?
- spleen
- lymph nodes
- MALT
- CALT
B cells received their name because they were originally found to mature in birds in an organ called the _______
bursa of Fabricius
B-cell maturation takes place within the ________
bone marrow
Immature T cells appear in the fetus as early as _________ in the gestational period
8 weeks
Maturation of T cells takes place over a ____________ as cells filter through the thymic cortex to the medulla
3-week period
It is within these __________ organs that the main contact with foreign antigens takes place
secondary
It us the largest lymphatic vessel and is where the lymphocytes passes through when traveling through the tissue and return to the bloodstream
Thoracic duct
What ars the major of circulating lymphocytes
T cells
___ lymphocytes are effector cells that serve a regulatory role
T lymphocytes
____ lymphocytes produce antibodies
B lymphocytes
___________, or multiplication of lymphocytes, occurs in the secondary lymphoid tissue and is strictly dependent on antigenic stimulation
Lymphopoiesis
Formation of lymphocytes in the bone marrow, however, is antigen-_________
independent
It is the largest secondary lymphoid organ and is characterized as a large discriminating filter as it removes old and damaged cells and foreign antigens
Spleen
Splenic tissue can be divided into two main types:
- red pulp
- white pulp
The red pulp of the spleen makes up more than one-half of the total volume and its function is to destroy old _______
RBCs
The white pulp of the sleepy comprises approximately 20% of the total weight of the spleen and contains the lymphoid tissue, which is arranged around arterioles in a __________
periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)
The sheath of PALS contains mainly __________ and attached to the sheath are primary follicles which contain ________
T cells ; B cells
This organ serve as central collecting points for lymph fluid from adjacent tissues.
Lymph nodes
It is is a filtrate of the blood and arises from passage of water and low-molecular-weight solutes
Lymph fluid
This organ has an important role in the Filtration of interstitial fluid from around cells
Lymph nodes
This organ provides the ideal environment for contact with foreign antigens that have penetrated into the tissues
Lymph node
________ follicles consist of antigen-stimulated proliferating B cells
Secondary follicles
The interior of a secondary follicle is known as
Germinal center
T lymphocytes are mainly localized (lymph nodes) in the ________, the region between the follicles and the medulla.
Paracortex
The condition wherein there is an accumulation of lymphocytes and other cells which causes the lymph nodes to become enlarged
lymphadenopathy
___ cells differentiate into memory cells and plasma cells and are responsible for humoral immunity or antibody formation
B cells
_____ cells play a role in cell-mediated immunity and they produce sensitized lymphocytes that secrete cytokines
T cells
Innate or Adaptive
Epithelial barriers
Innate
Innate or Adaptive
Dendritic cells
Both
Innate or Adaptive
Natural killer cells
Innate
Innate or Adaptive
acute inflammation
Innate
Innate or Adaptive
Neutrophils
Innate
Innate or Adaptive
Basophils
Innate
Innate or Adaptive
Eosinophils
Innate
Innate or Adaptive
Monocyte / macrophage
Both
Innate or Adaptive
Complement system
Innate
Innate or Adaptive
Lymphocytes
Adaptive
Innate or Adaptive
1st & 2nd line of defense
Innate
Innate or Adaptive
Generic response
Innate
Innate or Adaptive
Specific response
Innate or Adaptive
3rd line of defense
Adaptive
Innate or Adaptive
Cytokines
Both?
What are the markers that are possessed by foreign materials that helps the IS recognize them!
Pathogen Associated Membrane Protein (PAMPs)
What is the receptor that recognizes PAMPs?
Pathogen Recognition Receptor (PRR) (e.g.: Toll-like Receptor)
What are the processes under phagocytosis (2nd line of defense)?
- initiation
- chemotaxus
- engulfment (enhanced by osponizaaiton)
- digestion
What is the soluble factor secreted in humoral immunity?
Antibodies
What is the antigen recognition receptor in humoral immunity?
Antibodies (BCR)
What are the type of Ang recognized by humoral immunity?
Extracellular pathogens
What are the type of Ang recognized by cell-mediated immunity?
Intracellular, intravesicular microbes
What is the soluble factors secrete in CM immunity?
Cytokines
What is the Ag recognition receptor in CM immunity?
TCR
What is the the mode of action against a pathogen in CM immunity?
Cell lysis, apoptosis
Under adaptive immunity, what are the two subtypes?
- natural
- artifical
Under natural adaptive immunity, what are the two subtypes?
- passive (maternal)
- active (infection)
Under artificial adaptive immunity, what are the two subtypes?
- passive (antibody transfer)
- active (immunization)
What is the differentiated form of B cells which can secrete antibodies?
Plasma cells
