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Alimentary > 1.1 Intro to GIT > Flashcards

1.1 Intro to GIT Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the GIT

A 
Prehension
Mastication
Digestion
Absorption
Initial storage of nutrition
Expulsion of faecal matter
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2
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing

Mechanical breakdown of food, which allows it to mix with saliva

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3
Q

Prehension

A

The act of getting food into the mouth, using teeth, head and jaw movements.

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4
Q

Deglugation

A

Swallowing

First part is voluntary, second part is involuntary (muscle control).

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5
Q

‘Headgut’

A

Mouth (lips, teeth, tongue)
Salivary gland
Pharynx

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6
Q

‘Foregut’

A

Oesophagus

Stomach

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7
Q

‘Midgut’

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Supporting organs (liver, gallbladder, pancreas)

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8
Q

‘Hindgut’

A 
Appendix
Caecum
Colon
Rectum
Anus
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9
Q

Function of Salivary Glands

A

Moisten and lubricate food to facilitate swallowing.

Initiation of enzymatic digestion, as amylase is present.

Helps bolus formation.

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10
Q

Four salivary glands and types of secretions.

A

Parotid - serous

Mandibular - mixed

Sublingual - mucous

Zygomatic - mucous (carnivores only)

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11
Q

Salivary acinus

A

A cluster of secretory cells in a ‘lobed berry’ shape.

Secrete fluid containing water, electrolytes, mucous and enzymes (in glands)

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12
Q

Name the sections of the oesophagus

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Abdominal

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13
Q

Name the layers of the oesophagus

A

Mucosa (stratified squamous epithelium around the lumen)

Submucosa (irregular connective tissue containing elastic and collagen. Contains blood and lymphatic vessels)

Tunica Muscularis (longitudinal and circular smooth muscle)

Adventitia (loose connective tissue around the outside)

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14
Q

Name the regions of the stomach

A

Fundus (upper)
Body
Antrum (lower)

Cardia - region next to the cardiac sphincter.

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15
Q

Name the two sphincters of the stomach

A

Cardiac and Pyloris

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16
Q

What are the folds in the inner stomach wall called?

A

Rugae

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17
Q

Where is the margo plicatus found?

A

Between glandular and non-glandular regions of the stomach in monogastric animals.

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18
Q

What is the margo plicatus?

A

A small fold in the epithelium of the stomach.

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19
Q

What is the pH of the stomach?

A

pH 3

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20
Q

Define monogastric and give examples.

A

A simple, single-chambers stomach

E.g., Dog, Horse, Pig, Cat

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21
Q

Define and give examples of hindgut fermenters.

A

Monogastric herbivores that digest cellulose with the aid of symbiotic bacteria.
E.g., Horses, Rhinos, Koalas, Rodents

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22
Q

Define and give examples of ruminants.

A

herbivores with a specialised four-chambered stomach for the microbial digestion of plant matter.
E.g., Cow, Sheep, Goat

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23
Q

What are the four chambers of a ruminant stomach?

A

Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum

24
Q

What are pseudoruminants?

A

Mammals with a specialised three chambered stomach for the digestion of plant matter.
Omasum and Abomasum are combined into one chamber.
E.g., Hippos, Camels

25
Q

What are the three regions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

26
Q

Functions of the small intestine

A

Chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients and minerals.
Bile and pancreatic secretions enter the duodenal region.

27
Q

What is the longest section of the small intestine?

28
Q

Where is the liver located in the abdominal cavity?

A

Cranially to the stomach.

Caudal to the diaphragm.

29
Q

What are the functional cells of the liver and what do they do?

A

Hepatocytes

  • Bile synthesis (stored in gallbladder).
  • Protein synthesis and storage
  • Transformation of carbs for energy storage.
  • Cholesterol and phospholipid synthesis
  • Detoxification, modification and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances.
30
Q

Describe the vasculature of the liver.

A

Supplied by the common hepatic artery and portal vein.

Portal triads sit at the vertices of liver lobes and the central vein at the center.

Drains via central veins which become caudal vena cava.

31
Q

Describe liver lobules.

A

Made up of hepatocytes in a hexagonal shape divided by connective tissue with a central vein in each lobule.

32
Q

Portal Triads

A

Composed of a hepatic arteriole, a bile duct, and a portal venule.

33
Q

What are the five liver lobes?

A 
Left lateral
Left medial
Quadrate
Right lateral 
Right medial
34
Q

Describe the vasculature of the pancreas

A

Supplied by the splenic artery

Drains via the splenic, superior mesenteric and portal veins.

35
Q

What are the four endocrine cells of the pancreas?

A

Alpha cells - Glucagon
Beta cells - Insulin
Delta cells - Somatostatin
Epsilon cells - Ghrelin (hunger hormone)

36
Q

Name the regions of the large intestine.

A

Caecum
Colon
Rectum and Anus

37
Q

What is the function of the Caecum?

A

A blind sac at the junction between the ileum and LI.

Microbial digestion of cellulose by symbiotic bacteria.

38
Q

Haustra

A

Small segmented pouches of the large intestine, collectively described as sacculations.

39
Q

Taeniae

A

Three separate ribbons of smooth muscle that run longitudinally along the large intestine.

40
Q

What is the function of the colon?

A

Absorption of water and ions.

Compact undigested matter.

41
Q

Name and describe the layers of the stomach wall

A

Mucosa - contains gastric glands and a smooth muscle layer called the muscularis mucosa.

Submucosa - contains blood and lymphatic vessels.

Muscularis Externa - inner oblique, middle circular, external longitudinal muscles for mechanical digestion.

Serosa - smooth tissue layer with outer parietal layer, inner visceral layer, with serous fluid in between.

42
Q

Function of the rectum

A

To expel faeces through the anus.

43
Q

Where are the cardiac glands and what do they secrete?

A

Cardiac region of the stomach.

Secrete a protective mucous layer to line the stomach.

44
Q

Sections of the colon.

A

Ascending
Transverse
Descending

45
Q

Where are the pyloric glands and what do they secrete?

A

In the antrum of the stomach.

Secrete gastrin, produced by their G cells.

46
Q

What is coprophagy?

A

When animals eat their own stool.

47
Q

Where are the fundic and oxyntic cells, and what do they secrete?

A

Found in the fundus and body of the stomach.

Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor.

48
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

Reduces stomach acid secretions (HCl), and reduces gastrin and histamine to slow digestion.

49
Q

Where is somatostatin secreted from?

A

Stomach
Small intestine
Pacreatic Delta cells

50
Q

Where is intrinsic factor secreted from, and what does it do?

A

Secreted from parietal/oxyntic cells within the fundic/oxyntic glands of the stomach.

It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 later in the small intestine.

51
Q

In which stomach glands can you find G cells?

A

Pyloric glands

52
Q

In which stomach glands can you find parietal cells?

A

Fundic/oxyntic glands

53
Q

What does glucagon do? Where is it secreted from?

A

Produced by alpha cells od Islets of Langerhans.

Raises blood glucose and fatty acid conc.

54
Q

What does insulin do? Where is it secreted from?

A

Produced by beta cells of Islets of Langerhans.

Promotes blood glucose absorption into liver, fat and skeletal muscle cells.

55
Q

What is the difference between Serosa and Adventitial layers of the GIT?

A

Serosa: has an outer parietal layer, an inner visceral layer, and serous fluid in between.

Adventitia: Outer layer of fibrous connective tissue surrounding an organ.

Generally, if it is a part of the GIT that is free to move, it is covered by serosa, and if it is relatively rigidly fixed, it is covered by adventitia.

56
Q

What are the exocrine cells of the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic acinar cells

Secrete digestive enzymes

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