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IB Biology > 1.1 - Intro To Cells > Flashcards

1.1 - Intro To Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the common characteristics that all cells share?

A
  • Cells are surrounded by a membrane
  • Cells contain genetic material
  • Chemical reactions catalysed by enzymes take place in cells
  • Cells have their own energy release system that powers all of the cell’s activities
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2
Q

How do you convert millimetres into micrometers?

A

Multiply by 1000

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3
Q

How do you convert micrometers into millimetres?

A

Divide by 1000

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4
Q

Magnification equation :

A

Magnification = size of image / actual size of specimen

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5
Q

What are striated muscle cells?

A

The type of tissue that we use to change the position of our body.

Made out of muscle fibres, which are similar to cells - surrounded by a membrane, formed from pre-existing cells, have their own genetic info and energy release system.

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6
Q

How are Striated Muscle Cells atypical cells?

A

⭐️They are much larger than most animal cells⭐️

  • In humans - average length of 30mm
  • Other human cells are mostly less that 0.03mm in length

⭐️They have many nuclei⭐️

  • Can have up to several hundred
  • Human cells only have one
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7
Q

What are hyphae?

A

Make up fungi

Narrow thread-like structures

Usually white in colour

Have a fluffy appearance

Have a cell membrane and cell wall

Uninterrupted tube like structure with many nuclei

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8
Q

Why are hyphae atypical cells?

A

They have many nuclei in their long threads

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9
Q

What are algae?

A

Organisms that feed themselves by photosynthesis, and store their genes inside their nuclei.

But - they are simpler in their structure and organisation than most plants

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10
Q

Why are giant algae atypical?

A

Can grow to as long as 100mm

But - is unicellular

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11
Q

What are the 7 functions of life that all cells carry out?

A

Metabolism
Reproduction

Homeostasis

Growth
Response
Excretion
Nutrition

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12
Q

What is the metabolism of a cell?

A

Large numbers of chemical reactions that take place in the cytoplasm of the cell

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13
Q

The metabolic rate of the cell is proportional to what?

A

The volume of the cell

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14
Q

What happens if a cells surface area to volume ratio is too small?

A

Substances will not enter the cell as quickly as they are required - and waste products will accumulate because they are produced more rapidly than they can be excreted

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15
Q

Why surface area to volume ratio is related to heat production and loss?

A

If the surface area to volume ratio is too small, then cells may overheat because the metabolism produces heat faster than it is lost over the cell’s surface

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16
Q

Define multicellular

A

Organisms consisting of a single mass of cells, fused together

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17
Q

Define emergent properties

A

The interaction of the component parts of a complex structure

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

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18
Q

Define division of labour

A

In multicellular organisms, different cells perform different functions

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19
Q

Define tissue

A

A group of cells which specialise in the same way to perform the same function

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20
Q

Function of a red blood cell

A

To carry oxygen

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21
Q

Function of a rod cell in the retina of the eye

A

To absorb light and transmit impulses to the brain

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22
Q

Benefits of cell specializing

A

Cells can carry out their role more efficiently than if they had many different roles

Can develop the ideal structure - with the enzymes needed to carry out all of the chemical reactions associated with the function

23
Q

Define differentiation

A

The development of cells in different ways to carry out specific functions

24
Q

How many distinctively different highly specialised cell types have been recognised in humans?

A

220

25
Q

How do specialised cell types develop?

A

By differentiation

26
Q

What are the similarities in all 220 cell types in the human body?

A

They all have the same set of genes - differences in structure and activities

27
Q

How many genes are in the human genome approximately?

A

25,000

28
Q

Define the term ‘expressed’

A

When a gene is being used in a cell, the gene is switched on - and not others

29
Q

Why cell differentiation occurs?

A

Because a different sequence of genes is expressed in different cells

30
Q

Define zygote

A

When a sperm fertilises an egg cell

31
Q

When does an embryo form?

A

When the zygote divides to give 2 cells - cell continues dividing

32
Q

Define stem cells

A

The zygote and the cells of the early embryo which are extremely versatile and capable of differentiating into numerous cell types

33
Q

2 key properties of stem cells

A
  • Stem cells can divide over and over to produce copious quantities of new cells. Useful for the growth of tissues or the replacement of lost or damage cells
  • Stem cells are not fully differentiated - can differentiate in different way to produce different cell types
34
Q

Define ‘therapeutic’ cell uses

A

Uses that provide therapies for diseases or other health problems

35
Q

Potential uses of embryonic stem cells - THERAPEUTIC

A
  • produce regenerated tissue - skin for burn victims
  • healing diseases where a particular cell type has been lost or is malfunctioning - Type 1 diabetes
  • possibility to grow whole replacement organs
36
Q

Potential uses of embryonic stem cells - NON-THERAPEUTIC

A

Using large amounts of striated muscle fibres for human consumption - meat - no need to rear and slaughter cattle

37
Q

Where stem cells are present in adult humans which enable regeneration and repair

A

In many human tissues - bone marrow, skin, liver

38
Q

Where stem cells are in adult humans that allow for limited repair

A

Brain, kidney, heart

39
Q

Describe Stargardt’s macular dystrophy

A

Genetic disease which develops in kids 6-12. Most cases due to a recessive gene mutation, which causes a membrane protein used for active transport in retina cells to malfunction, causing photo receptive cells in the retina to degenerate - degeneration of vision

40
Q

Define photoreceptors cells

A

Cells in the retina which detect light

41
Q

Treatment of Stargardt’s disease

A

Injecting retinal cells derived from embryonic stem cells into eyes

42
Q

Describe leukaemia

A

Type of cancer which involves the production of abnormally large numbers of white blood cells

43
Q

Where are white blood cells produced?

A

Bone marrow - soft tissue in the hollow of bones

44
Q

How to cure Leukaemia (hypothetically)

A

The cancer cells in the bone marrow that are producing excessive numbers of white blood cells must be destroyed

45
Q

Treatment of leukaemia

A

Cancer cells in bone marrow are killed with chemicals - CHEMOTHERAPY

  • some white blood cells are needed though to fight disease SO:

Fluid is removed from the bone marrow, stem cells are extracted from the fluid, patient undergoes chemotherapy, cancer cells are killed and bone marrow loses ability to produce blood cells, stem cells are returned to the bone marrow - where they re-establish themselves, multiply, and start to produce red and white blood cells

46
Q

How stem cells are obtained

A

Creation of embryos, blood extracted from the umbilical cord of a newborn baby, stem cells from some adult tissues - like bone marrow

47
Q

STRENGTHS - embryonic stem cells

A

Almost unlimited growth and potential
Can differentiate into any cell type in the body
Less chance of genetic damage due to the accumulation of mutations, than with adult stem cells

48
Q

LIMITATIONS - embryonic stem cells

A

More risk of becoming tumour cells than adult stem cells - excessive division

Likely to be genetically different from an adult patient recovering the tissue

Removal or cells from an embryo kills it - when more than one cell is taken

49
Q

STRENGTHS - cord blood stem cells

A

Easily obtained and stored
Commercial collection and storage services already available
Fully compatible with the tissues if the adult that grows from the baby - no rejection probs occur
Umbilical chord is discarded whether or not stem cells are taken from it

50
Q

LIMITATIONS - cord blood stem cells

A

Limited capacity to differentiate into different cell types - only naturally develop into blood cells

Limited quantities of stem cells from one baby’s cord

51
Q

STRENGTHS - adult stem cells

A

Less chance of malignant tumours developing than from embryonic stem cells

Fully compatible with the adults tissues, so rejection problems do not occur

Removal of stem cells does not kill the adult from which the cells are taken

52
Q

LIMITATIONS - adult stem cells

A

Difficult to obtain as there are very few of them, and they are buried deep in tissues

Less growth potential than embryonic stem cells

Limited capacity to differentiate into different cell types

53
Q

Arguments against stem cell research

A

Involves the killing of an embryo

Unethical to create human lives solely for the purpose of obtaining stem cells

54
Q

Arguments for stem cell research

A

Have the potential to allow methods of treatment for diseases and disabilities that are currently incurable - reduce the suffering of some individuals

IB Biology (5 decks)

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