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Sough College Complex Pt Mgmt > 1.1 Infectious Disease > Flashcards

1.1 Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Infectious disease

A
  • AKA Communicable disease

- An illness caused by a specific infectious agent or its toxic product

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2
Q

Factors Affecting the Immune System

A
  • Pregnancy
  • Pre-existing conditions
  • Malignancies or immunosuppressive diseases (cancer, HIV)
  • Stress (emotional or surgical)
  • Malnutrition
  • Age
  • Chronic diseases
  • Lymph node dissection
  • Immunosuppressive treatment (corticosteroids, chemo, radiation, anti-rejection drugs)
  • Indwelling lines and tubes
  • Presence of implanted medical devices
  • Obesity
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3
Q

Specific Infectious Agents

A
  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Parasites
  • Prions
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4
Q

Virus definition

A

Subcellular organism made up only of a ribonucleic acid (RNA) or a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) covered w/proteins

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5
Q

Characteristics of viruses

A
  • Rapid replication
  • High mutation rates
  • Self-limiting
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6
Q

Are antibiotics effective on viruses?

A

No, only on bacteria

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7
Q

What viral infections have antiviral drugs available for treatment?

A
  • Herpes
  • Hepatitis
  • Influenza
  • HIV
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8
Q

Are antiviral drugs subject to resistance?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Bacteria definition

A

Single-celled microorganism with well defined cell walls that can grow independently on artificial media without the need for other cells

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10
Q

How are bacteria classified?

A
  • Shape

- Need for oxygen

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11
Q

Bacteria classification by shape

A
  • spherical
  • rod
  • spiral
  • comma
  • corkscrew
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12
Q

spherical

A

cocci

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13
Q

rod

A

bacilli

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14
Q

spiral

A

spirilla

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15
Q

comma

A

vibrios

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16
Q

corkscrew

A

spirochaetes

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17
Q

Bacteria classification by need for oxygen

A
  • Aerobic

- Anaerobic

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18
Q

Bacteria constitute what percentage of human pathogens

A

38%

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19
Q

Are bacterial infections treatable by antibiotics?

A

Yes, but…

  • Occasionally need labs to determine specificity of antibiotic resistance (gram stain)
  • High emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains
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20
Q

Fungi definition

A

Single-celled or multicellular organism

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21
Q

Forms of fungi

A
  • True pathogen

- Opportunistic pathogen

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22
Q

True pathogen

A

causes infections in healthy persons

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23
Q

Opportunistic pathogen

A

causes infections in

immunocompromised persons

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24
Q

Yeast

A

a common fungus causing thrush, diaper rash, & athlete’s foot

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25
Q

Uses of fungi

A

development of antibiotics, antitoxins, & other drugs

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26
Q

Treatment of fungal infection

A

antifungals or antivirals applied directly to the skin or injected in the
case of serious infection

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27
Q

Parasite definition

A

an organism that lives on or in a host and gets its

food from or at the expense of its host

28
Q

Where are parasites most common?

A

Rural or developing areas

29
Q

Mode of infection for parasites

A

Through mouth or skin

30
Q

Treatment for parasites

A

antiparasitic drugs, but for some no drug is effective

31
Q

Prion definition

A
  • an infectious agent composed entirely of protein material that can fold in multiple, structurally distinct ways
  • Leads to disease that is similar to viral
    infection
32
Q

Mode of transmission for prions

A

Usually animal –> human

33
Q

Describe the impact of the latency interval

A

Characterized by a long latent interval in the host that when reactivated cause a
rapidly progressive deteriorating state

34
Q

Examples of prion

A

Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease, “mad cow” disease

35
Q

Treatment of prion

A

none

36
Q

Types of transmission

A
  • Direct contact

- Indirect contact

37
Q

Examples of direct contact

A
  • Person<>person
  • Bites
  • Mother > unborn child
38
Q

Person<>person transmission

A

touch, droplet, sexual intercourse, fecal/oral

39
Q

Transmission via bites

A
  • Bites from infected insects or animals capable of
    transmitting disease
  • Handling animal waste
40
Q

Mother > unborn child transmission

A
  • through placenta
  • during passage through the vaginal canal in the
    birth process
41
Q

Examples of Indirect contact

A
  • Contact w/ contaminated surface, object, food, blood, or water
  • Through the air
42
Q

Sepsis

A

Life-threatening complication of infection occurring when the immune reaction to infection triggers inflammatory responses throughout the body

43
Q

What can the inflammation during sepsis lead to in a patient?

A

Inflammation can trigger cascade of changes that damages multiple organ
systems leading to failure

44
Q

In what patients is sepsis particularly a concern?

A

Can occur in any patient, but particularly dangerous in older adults or the
immunocompromised

45
Q

Stages of sepsis

A
  • Sepsis
  • Severe sepsis
  • Septic shock
46
Q

Stage 1 Sepsis

A

must exhibit at least two of the following symptoms in addition to probable or
confirmed infection:
• Body temp > 101 F (38.3 C) or below 96.8 F (36 C)
• HR >90 bpm
• RR >20 breaths/min

47
Q

Stage 2 severe sepsis

A 
exhibits at least one of the following s/s, indicating possible organ failure
• Significantly ↓ urine output
• Abrupt mental status change
• ↓ in platelet count
• Difficulty breathing
• Abnormal heart pumping function
• Abdominal pain
48
Q

Stage 3 Septic shock

A

exhibits all s/s severe sepsis plus extreme hypotension that does not respond adequately to fluid resuscitation

49
Q

Risk factors for sepsis

A
  • Advanced age or very young age
  • Immunocompromise
  • Hospitalization, particularly in ICU
  • Presence of wounds or injuries (particularly burns)
  • Presence of invasive devices (i.e., intravenous catheters, intubation)
  • Antibiotic resistant bacteria
50
Q

Complications of sepsis

A
  • Impaired organ function
  • Blood clots
  • Death
51
Q

Healthcare-associated infections (HAI)

A

Infection acquired in a hospital setting

52
Q

Most common HAI

A
  • Escherichia coli
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Enterococcus faecalis
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Candida albicans
53
Q

Common sites for HAI

A
  • Urinary tract
  • Surgical wounds
  • Joints
  • Lower respiratory tract
54
Q

Risk factors for HAI

A
  • Extremes of age
  • Immunodeficiency
  • Immunosuppressed
  • Misuse of antibiotics
  • Use of invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures
  • Agitation
  • Surgery
  • Bruns
  • Length of hospitalization
55
Q

Precautions to prevent infection and spread of infection

A
  • standard
  • airborne
  • droplet,
  • contact
56
Q

standard precautions

A

-

57
Q

airborne precautions

A

-

58
Q

droplet precautions

A

-

59
Q

contact precautions

A

-

60
Q

Antibiotic-resistant infections

A
  • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
  • Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci infection
  • Multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
61
Q

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

A
  • Mgmt often requires IV Vancomycin and several weeks IV antibiotic treatment
  • May require additional time in a long-term facility after hospitalization
62
Q

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci infection

A
  • Resistant to vancomycin, aminoglycosides, & ampicillin
  • Treatment options limited
  • Best plan is prevention and proper utilization of antibiotics, inc. Vancomycin
63
Q

Multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

A
  • Wide spectrum of antimicrobial resistance

* Particularly found in ICU environments

64
Q

Absolute Exercise Contraindications

A
  • Unstable angina
  • Uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmias causing symptoms of hemodynamic compromise
  • Uncontrolled symptomatic heart failure
  • Acute or suspected major cardiovascular event
  • Acute systemic infection, accompanied by fever, body aches, or swollen lymph glands
65
Q

Relative Exercise Contraindications

A
  • Known significant cardiac disease
  • Severe arterial hypertension (systolic BP > 200 mmHg or a diastolic BP of >110 mmHg) at rest
  • Tachydysrhythmia or bradydysrhythmia
  • Electrolyte abnormalities
  • Uncontrolled metabolic disease
  • Chronic infectious disease
  • Mental or physical impairment leading to inability to exercise safely

Sough College Complex Pt Mgmt (1 decks)

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