(1.1) importance of ATP

Question 1

what 3 molecules does ATP consist of

Answer 1

Adenine , ribose and 3 phosphate groups

Question 2

Which group of molecules does ATP belong

Answer 2

nucleotides

Question 3

what is atp

Answer 3

it is a universal energy currency , which releases energy in small quantities
(30.6 kj per mol)

Question 4

what is chemiosmosis

Answer 4

the flow of protns down an electrochemical gradient , through ATP synthetase, coupled with the synthesis of ATP from ADP and a phosphate ion

Question 5

ATP synthesis in mitrochondria

MECHANISM

Answer 5

mechanism- uses energy carried by electrons to pump protons across the membrane, they then flow back through stalked particles.

Question 6

ATP synthesis in mitrochondria

ENZYME

Answer 6

ATP synthetase

Question 7

ATP synthesis in mitrochondria

Site of electron transport chain

Answer 7

Cristae

Question 8

ATP synthesis in mitrochondria

proton graident

Answer 8

from inner membrane space to matrix

Question 9

ATP synthesis in mitrochondria

co-enzyme involved

Answer 9

FAD, NAD

Question 10

ATP synthesis in mitrochondria

terminal electron acceptor

Answer 10

Oxygen and H+

Question 11

ATP synthesis in Chloroplasts

mechanism

Answer 11

uses electron energy to pump protons across the membrane , which then flow back through stalked particles

Question 12

ATP synthesis in Chloroplasts

enzyme involved

Answer 12

ATP synthetase

Question 13

ATP synthesis in Chloroplasts

proton gradient

Answer 13

From thylakoid space to stroma

Question 14

ATP synthesis in Chloroplasts

site of electron transport chain

Answer 14

Thylakoid membrane

Question 15

ATP synthesis in Chloroplasts

co-enzyme involved

Answer 15

NADP

Question 16

ATP synthesis in Chloroplasts

terminal electron acceptor

Answer 16

NADP and H+ (non cyclic photophosphorylation) and chlorophyll+ (cyclic photophosphorylation)

Question 17

what is chemiosmosis

Answer 17

Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient. An example of this would be the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.

Question 18

types of phosphorylation

Answer 18

1) oxidative phosphylation . this occurs when phosphate ion is added to ADP using energy from electron loss ie, oxidation reactions
2) Photophsphorylatiob. the energy that powers proton pump comes from electron transport chain in choloplasts it comes from light , hence ATP in chloroplatds is synthesised by photphosphorylation
3) substrate level phosphorylation. This occurs when the phophate groups are transferred from donor molecules , e.g phosphate is transferred from glycerate-3-phosphate to ADP in glycolysis in respoiration.

Question 19

what is phosphorylation

Answer 19

is the addition of phophate group or ion to a molecule. In respiration and photosyntheis ADP is the molecule most often phosphoylated , but other molecules such as glucose in glycolysis can alo phosphoylated forming glucose diphosphate . This makes the glucose more reactive and easier to split as it lowers the activation energy of reaction involved.

Question 20

how isATP made in mitrochondria

Answer 20

during photoshyntheis and respiration , ATP is made when protons are pumped across the membranes using energy from electrones to create an electrochemical or proton gradient. the protons flow back through the stalked particales down the concentration gradient , by chemiosmosis, hence phosphoralationg ADP into ATP

Question 21

How is ATP made in chloplasts

Answer 21

This occursin the thylakoid membrane. The electrons pass from the proton pump into a terminal electron acceptor. in chloroplats this is the coenzyme NADP or chlrophyll..