1.1 Gross brain, brainstem, spinal cord Flashcards
What is most rostral in the developing brain? What does it develop into?
The forebrain/prosencephalon; develops into the Telencephalon and diencephalon
What is the most caudal in the developing brain? What does it develop into?
Hindbrain/ rhombencephalon; develops into the metencephalon and myelencephalon
What is the adult derivative of the telencephalon?
Cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles
What is the adult derivative of the diencephalon?
thalamus, hypothalamus, and third ventricle
What is the adult derivative of the mesencephalon?
midbrain and cerebral aqueduct
What is the adult derivative of the metencephalon?
Pons, cerebellum, and upper part of fourth ventricle
What is the adult derivative of the myelencephalon?
Medulla and lower part of fourth ventricle
What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?
Central sulcus
What does the sylvian/lateral fissure separate?
temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes
What does corpus collosum do?
integrates motor, sensory, and helps both hemispheres communicate
What does the paracentral lobule do?
motor and sensory of contralateral LE
has anterior and posterior gyri
What is cingulate gyrus in charge of?
limbic and memory and learning
What are the functions of the frontal lobe?
personality, decision making, motor, speech
What do the middle frontal gyri make?
the frontal eye fields
What are the divisions of the inferior frontal gyri
Pars orbitalis (posterior), pars triangularis, and pars opercularis (anterior)
What makes up the primary motor cortex? What is the function?
precentral gyrus + anterior paracentral gyrus
F: planning and initiating motor movement
What makes up brocas area? what is its aphasia?
Pars opercularis and pars triangularis
Brocas Aphasia= lose speech
What is the homonculus?
somatotopically organized to represent the cortical distribution of different body regions (of primary motor cortex)
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
sensory and association
What is part of the inferior portion of the parietal lobule? what does it make?
supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus–> Wernickes area
What is Wernickes aphasia?
lose language comprehension ability
What makes up the primary somatosensory cortex? What does it do?
post central gyrus and posterior paracentral gyrus
controls sensation
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
processing and interpretation of auditory stimuli, memory, and organizing/comprehending language
What are the parts of the temporal gyri?
superior, middle, inferior temporal gyri
What do the transverse temporal gyri make up?
Primary auditory association cortex
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
integrating and processing visual stimuli
What are the gyri and sulci associated with the occipital lobe? Make up visual cortex?
Cuneus Gyrus, Calcarine sulcus, and, lingual gyrus (primary visual cortex)
also have parietoccipital sulcus (w parietal and occipital lobes
What gyri does the insular lobe have? what are their characteristics?
long gyri- caudal
short gyri- rostral
*separated by central sulcus too
Where is the uncus located?
near the parahippocampal gyrus (which is very close to the midbrain and the collateral sulcus)
Basal ganglia- What is medial to the putamen?
globus pallidus, as well as the caudate nucleus, third ventricle and internal capsule
What are the important parts of the diencephalon?
anterior commissure, posterior commisure (fold bw pineal gland and superior colliculus)
thalamus, hypothalamus
What are the main divisions of the thalamus
epithalamus, dorsal (largest), and ventral
What is the infundibulum?
connects anterior and posterior pituitary** to hypothalamus
** considered part of diencephalon
What are the mammillary bodies important for?
recollective memory
Where does the oculomotor nerve exit form in mesencephalon?
interpeduncular fossa bw cerebral peduncles
What does the trochlear n. do in the mesencephalon?
“tricky trochlear;”’ wraps around brain stem, demarkates movement from midbrain–> pons
Where are the descending cortical spinal tracts passing through in mesencephalon?
crus cerebri (Ears of mickey mouse)
Why is the red nucleus of the mesencephalon important?
helps coordinate motor movement (eyes of mickey)
What is the role of the superior colliculus in the midbrain?
visual information from lateral geniculate body (dienc.)
What is the role of the inferior colliculus in the midbrain?
ascending auditory information to medical geniculate body (dienc.)
What is inferior to cerebral peduncles?
the pons and CN V
What is important about the pontomedullary jxn?
inferior to pons, indicates transition bw pons to medulla
where CN 6-8 exit (medial to lateral)
What is the significance of the rhomboid fossa?
diamond shaped area where 4th ventricle wouldve been located
what is the significance of the superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles?
would have connected diff portions of brain stem to cerebellum
What does the median fissure do? what is it part of?
bisects rhomboid fossa, create eminence
metencephalon
What does the sulcus limitans do? part of ?
separate the facial colliculus from the vestibular area
metencephalon
What does the stria medullaris acoustica do? part of?
separates rhomboid fossa into superior and inferior halves
superior- pontine; inferior- medullary
metencephalon
What are the parts of the pons and what is their importance?
Basilar- most anterior; demarcated by exiting of CN V (descending cortical tracts)
Tegmentium- posterior to exiting of CN V
where is the anterior median fissure and what is lateral to it?
It is in the midline of the medulla and lateral to it is the pyramid–> preolivary sulcus (with cn 12)–> olive–> postolivary sulcus (with CN 9-11)
What is the decussation of pyramids?
oblique crossing of tracts; where the cortical spinal tracts split into anterior and lateral
What is the obex? what is inferior to it?
Different borders of rhomboid fossa coming together;
inferior to is tuberculum gracilis and cuneitis (part of ascending pathway- proprioceptive and tactile of upper extremity) with associated fasciculi
What are the components of the olive and what do they represent?
myelencephelon
Superior olivary complex- auditory pathway
Inferior olivary complex- motor learning
How long does the spinal cord span for?
From foramen magnum–> L1/L2
What is the spinal cord attached to?
Its attached laterally by denticulate ligaments (PURE PIA MATER) and caudally by filum terminale (internum at S2 and externum at coccyx);
tapers into conus medullaris (with nerve roots extending down - “cauda equina”
What is the importance of the anterior median fissure of the spinal cord?
that is where the anterior spinal a. is
What is the importance of the posterolateral sulcus/septum?
present throughout entire spinal cord; where dorsal roots enter
What is the importance of the posterior intermediate sulcus?
It is only in the upper thoracic/cervical region (where fasciculis cuneitis is); separates the gracilis and cuneitis
LE= faciculate gracilis
What composes white matter of the spinal cord?
Anterior funiculus- contain anterior cortical spinal tracts and medial longitunal faciuclus
lateral funiculus- where spinal thylamic tract and anterior lateral system located
posterior funiculus- where dorsal columns are (faciculus gracilis/cuneitis)
What composes the gray matter of spinal cord?
anterior and posterior horn, connected by intermediate zone
What are the charachteristics of the spinal cord?
Cervical- more oval and larger anterior and posterior horns; posterior intermediate septum there
Thoracic- more round, smaller AH and PH; small protrusion into lateral faniculus (where preganglionic sympathetic neurons located); have posterior thoracic nucleus there
Lumbar- rounder and larger AH and PH
sacral- mostly gray matter
