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Neuro test 2 > 1.1 Gross brain, brainstem, spinal cord > Flashcards

1.1 Gross brain, brainstem, spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

What is most rostral in the developing brain? What does it develop into?

A

The forebrain/prosencephalon; develops into the Telencephalon and diencephalon

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2
Q

What is the most caudal in the developing brain? What does it develop into?

A

Hindbrain/ rhombencephalon; develops into the metencephalon and myelencephalon

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3
Q

What is the adult derivative of the telencephalon?

A

Cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles

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4
Q

What is the adult derivative of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, and third ventricle

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5
Q

What is the adult derivative of the mesencephalon?

A

midbrain and cerebral aqueduct

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6
Q

What is the adult derivative of the metencephalon?

A

Pons, cerebellum, and upper part of fourth ventricle

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7
Q

What is the adult derivative of the myelencephalon?

A

Medulla and lower part of fourth ventricle

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8
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

Central sulcus

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9
Q

What does the sylvian/lateral fissure separate?

A

temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes

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10
Q

What does corpus collosum do?

A

integrates motor, sensory, and helps both hemispheres communicate

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11
Q

What does the paracentral lobule do?

A

motor and sensory of contralateral LE

has anterior and posterior gyri

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12
Q

What is cingulate gyrus in charge of?

A

limbic and memory and learning

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13
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

personality, decision making, motor, speech

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14
Q

What do the middle frontal gyri make?

A

the frontal eye fields

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15
Q

What are the divisions of the inferior frontal gyri

A

Pars orbitalis (posterior), pars triangularis, and pars opercularis (anterior)

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16
Q

What makes up the primary motor cortex? What is the function?

A

precentral gyrus + anterior paracentral gyrus

F: planning and initiating motor movement

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17
Q

What makes up brocas area? what is its aphasia?

A

Pars opercularis and pars triangularis

Brocas Aphasia= lose speech

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18
Q

What is the homonculus?

A

somatotopically organized to represent the cortical distribution of different body regions (of primary motor cortex)

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19
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

sensory and association

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20
Q

What is part of the inferior portion of the parietal lobule? what does it make?

A

supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus–> Wernickes area

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21
Q

What is Wernickes aphasia?

A

lose language comprehension ability

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22
Q

What makes up the primary somatosensory cortex? What does it do?

A

post central gyrus and posterior paracentral gyrus

controls sensation

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23
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

processing and interpretation of auditory stimuli, memory, and organizing/comprehending language

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24
Q

What are the parts of the temporal gyri?

A

superior, middle, inferior temporal gyri

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25
Q

What do the transverse temporal gyri make up?

A

Primary auditory association cortex

26
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

integrating and processing visual stimuli

27
Q

What are the gyri and sulci associated with the occipital lobe? Make up visual cortex?

A

Cuneus Gyrus, Calcarine sulcus, and, lingual gyrus (primary visual cortex)

also have parietoccipital sulcus (w parietal and occipital lobes

28
Q

What gyri does the insular lobe have? what are their characteristics?

A

long gyri- caudal

short gyri- rostral

*separated by central sulcus too

29
Q

Where is the uncus located?

A

near the parahippocampal gyrus (which is very close to the midbrain and the collateral sulcus)

30
Q

Basal ganglia- What is medial to the putamen?

A

globus pallidus, as well as the caudate nucleus, third ventricle and internal capsule

31
Q

What are the important parts of the diencephalon?

A

anterior commissure, posterior commisure (fold bw pineal gland and superior colliculus)

thalamus, hypothalamus

32
Q

What are the main divisions of the thalamus

A

epithalamus, dorsal (largest), and ventral

33
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

connects anterior and posterior pituitary** to hypothalamus

** considered part of diencephalon

34
Q

What are the mammillary bodies important for?

A

recollective memory

35
Q

Where does the oculomotor nerve exit form in mesencephalon?

A

interpeduncular fossa bw cerebral peduncles

36
Q

What does the trochlear n. do in the mesencephalon?

A

“tricky trochlear;”’ wraps around brain stem, demarkates movement from midbrain–> pons

37
Q

Where are the descending cortical spinal tracts passing through in mesencephalon?

A

crus cerebri (Ears of mickey mouse)

38
Q

Why is the red nucleus of the mesencephalon important?

A

helps coordinate motor movement (eyes of mickey)

39
Q

What is the role of the superior colliculus in the midbrain?

A

visual information from lateral geniculate body (dienc.)

40
Q

What is the role of the inferior colliculus in the midbrain?

A

ascending auditory information to medical geniculate body (dienc.)

41
Q

What is inferior to cerebral peduncles?

A

the pons and CN V

42
Q

What is important about the pontomedullary jxn?

A

inferior to pons, indicates transition bw pons to medulla

where CN 6-8 exit (medial to lateral)

43
Q

What is the significance of the rhomboid fossa?

A

diamond shaped area where 4th ventricle wouldve been located

44
Q

what is the significance of the superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles?

A

would have connected diff portions of brain stem to cerebellum

45
Q

What does the median fissure do? what is it part of?

A

bisects rhomboid fossa, create eminence

metencephalon

46
Q

What does the sulcus limitans do? part of ?

A

separate the facial colliculus from the vestibular area

metencephalon

47
Q

What does the stria medullaris acoustica do? part of?

A

separates rhomboid fossa into superior and inferior halves

superior- pontine; inferior- medullary

metencephalon

48
Q

What are the parts of the pons and what is their importance?

A

Basilar- most anterior; demarcated by exiting of CN V (descending cortical tracts)

Tegmentium- posterior to exiting of CN V

49
Q

where is the anterior median fissure and what is lateral to it?

A

It is in the midline of the medulla and lateral to it is the pyramid–> preolivary sulcus (with cn 12)–> olive–> postolivary sulcus (with CN 9-11)

50
Q

What is the decussation of pyramids?

A

oblique crossing of tracts; where the cortical spinal tracts split into anterior and lateral

51
Q

What is the obex? what is inferior to it?

A

Different borders of rhomboid fossa coming together;

inferior to is tuberculum gracilis and cuneitis (part of ascending pathway- proprioceptive and tactile of upper extremity) with associated fasciculi

52
Q

What are the components of the olive and what do they represent?

A

myelencephelon

Superior olivary complex- auditory pathway

Inferior olivary complex- motor learning

53
Q

How long does the spinal cord span for?

A

From foramen magnum–> L1/L2

54
Q

What is the spinal cord attached to?

A

Its attached laterally by denticulate ligaments (PURE PIA MATER) and caudally by filum terminale (internum at S2 and externum at coccyx);

tapers into conus medullaris (with nerve roots extending down - “cauda equina”

55
Q

What is the importance of the anterior median fissure of the spinal cord?

A

that is where the anterior spinal a. is

56
Q

What is the importance of the posterolateral sulcus/septum?

A

present throughout entire spinal cord; where dorsal roots enter

57
Q

What is the importance of the posterior intermediate sulcus?

A

It is only in the upper thoracic/cervical region (where fasciculis cuneitis is); separates the gracilis and cuneitis

LE= faciculate gracilis

58
Q

What composes white matter of the spinal cord?

A

Anterior funiculus- contain anterior cortical spinal tracts and medial longitunal faciuclus
lateral funiculus- where spinal thylamic tract and anterior lateral system located
posterior funiculus- where dorsal columns are (faciculus gracilis/cuneitis)

59
Q

What composes the gray matter of spinal cord?

A

anterior and posterior horn, connected by intermediate zone

60
Q

What are the charachteristics of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical- more oval and larger anterior and posterior horns; posterior intermediate septum there

Thoracic- more round, smaller AH and PH; small protrusion into lateral faniculus (where preganglionic sympathetic neurons located); have posterior thoracic nucleus there

Lumbar- rounder and larger AH and PH

sacral- mostly gray matter

Neuro test 2 (15 decks)

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