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LCRS: ENDOCRINOLOGY > 11 - Gonads 2 > Flashcards

11 - Gonads 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main oestrogen in pregnancy?

A

Oestriol

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2
Q

What is the local positive feedback loop in the ovaries?

A
  • FSH stimulates aromatase and increases conversion of androgens to 17β oestradiol
  • Oestrogen leaves granulosa cell and binds to oestrogen receptors on same cell
  • further stimulation of oestrogen production
  • rising oestrogen levels have negative feedback on FSH
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3
Q

If fertilisation occurs, high levels of oestrogen and progesterone is needed. What molecule is produced to mimic LH and stimulate further oestrogen and progesterone production?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin

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4
Q

What are the features of testosterone?

A
  • bound to androgen binding globulin (ABG) in seminiferous tubules
  • in blood: 60% bound to sex hormone binding globulin, 38% bound to albumin and 2% free
  • aromatised to 17β-oestradiol (aromatase)
  • reduced to dihydrotestosterone (5α-reductase)
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5
Q

What is significant about dihydrotestosterone?

A

it’s a more potent androgen

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6
Q

What is testosterone used for?

A
  • development of male genitalia
  • foetal growth
  • spermatogenesis
  • protein and bone anabolism
  • male sexual behaviour
  • pubertal growth spurt
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7
Q

What is an oestrogen and its main form?

A
  • any substance (natural or synthetic) which induces mitosis in the endometrium
  • 17β-oestradiol
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8
Q

What is an oestrogen used for?

A
  • stimulates mitosis
  • stimulates womb thickening
  • triggers LH surge (ovulation)
  • positive and negative feedback on GnRH
  • stimulates osteoblasts
  • simulates metabolic actions
  • stimulates behavioural effects
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9
Q

What is a progestogen and its main form?

A
  • any substance (natural or synthetic) inducing secretory changes in the endometrium
  • progesterone
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10
Q

What is a progestogen used for?

A
  • stimulates secretory activity in endometrium and cervix

- increases basal body temperature

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11
Q

What is the hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal axis of the testes?

A
  • leydig cells: stimulated by LH and reduced by testosterone (negative feedback to reduce LH and GnRH)
  • sertoli cells: stimulated by FSH, limited by inhibin negative feedback (direct and indirect)
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12
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • early follicular phase
  • early-mid follicular phase
  • mid-follicular phase
  • late follicular phase
  • luteal phase
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13
Q

What are the 2 phases of the ovarian cycle?

A
  • follicular phase

- luteal phase

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14
Q

What are the 2 phases of the endometrial cycle?

A
  • proliferative phase

- secretory phase

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15
Q

What happens in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • menstruation occurs

- follicles develop from FSH and LH stimulus

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16
Q

What happens in the early-mid follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • primary follicle produces more oestrogen as it gets larger
  • oestrogen has negative feedback on FSH
  • oestrogen has positive feedback on granulosa cells
17
Q

What happens in the mid-follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • graafian follicle develops
  • negative feedback from oestrogen and inhibin
  • all follicles regress apart from graafian follicle
18
Q

What happens in the late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • high levels of E2 from graafian follicle causes positive feedback on GnRH/LH secretion
  • LH surge triggers ovulation
19
Q

What happens in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • progesterone prepares endometrium for implantation
  • if no fertilisation then E2 and inhibin exert negative feedback on LH and FSH
  • luteolysis and menstruation occur
  • corpus luteum stimulated to produce oestrogen and progesterone
20
Q

What is amenorrhoea?

A

the absence of menstrual cycle

21
Q

What are the 2 types of amenorrhoea?

A
  • primary: if women never had single period

- secondary: if woman has had periods which then stop

22
Q

What is oligomenorrhoea?

A

infrequent cycles (less severe than ammenorrhoea)

23
Q

What is infertility?

A

when a couple can’t get pregnant following 12 months of regular unprotected sex

24
Q

What are the causes of infertility?

A
  • pituitary failure
  • prolactinoma (tumour on pituitary gland)
  • testicular failure (mumps/klinefelter syndrome)
  • ovarian failure (turner syndrome)
  • polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
25
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in an ovarian follicle and their features?

A
  • thecal cell: outer layer, stimulated by LH, produce androgens
  • granulosa cell: inner layer, stimulated by FSH, produces oestrogen and inhibin, converts androgens to oestradiol
26
Q

What are the different follicles produced in the ovaries?

A
  • pre-antral follicle (pre-pubescent)
  • early antral follicle (when exposed to sufficient FSH)
  • late antral follicle
  • graafian follicle (leads to LH surge)
  • ovulation and corpus luteum
27
Q

What is the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle and what is its main influence?

A
  • days 6-14
  • endometrium thickens
  • glands enlarge and coil
  • gain blood supply
  • dominant oestrogen influence
28
Q

What is the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle and what are its influences?

A
  • days 15-28
  • endometrium becomes secretory
  • glycogen and mucopolysaccharides secreted
  • mucosa engorged with blood
  • dominant progesterone influence
  • oestrogen influence

LCRS: ENDOCRINOLOGY (12 decks)

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