11. Genotype, Phenotype and Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

What is genotype?

A

• A genotype is an individual’s collection of genes

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2
Q

What is phenotype?

A

• the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of it’s genotype with the environment.

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3
Q

What influences phenotypes?

A

Genotype and environment

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4
Q

Can the environment affect our genotype?

A

Yes - radiation, mutagenic chemicals, smoking

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5
Q

How many alleles are there of a gene?

A

2

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6
Q

How many allele of a gene are there in the population

A

Many

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7
Q

Define homozygous

A

Two alleles of a gene are the same

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8
Q

Define heterozygous

A

Two alleles of a gene are different

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9
Q

Define hemizygous

A

Only one allele of the gene on the X chromosome (Males only)

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10
Q

Define dominant

A

The dominant allele in heterozygote determines the phenotype (only one allele is needed to be expressed)

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11
Q

Define recessive

A

The non-dominant allele in a heterozygote is called recessive (Two of these alleles need to be present for the characteristic to be expressed)

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12
Q

Define co-dominance

A

When both alleles are expressed (neither is dominant or recessive)

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13
Q

What are the three alleles for blood type?

A

A B O

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14
Q

Which two alleles of blood type are codominant?

A

A and B

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15
Q

What are the different types of inheritance patterns?

A

Autosomal / sex-linked (Mendelian)

Mitochondrial

Polygenic / Complex or multifactorial

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16
Q

Give an example of an autosomal recessive disease

A

Cystic fibrosis

17
Q

Give an example of an autosomal dominant disease

A

Huntington’s disease

18
Q

Why are diseases rarely found in the dominant homozygous state?

A

Diseases with dominant homozygous are very bad that its not viable for life

19
Q

What’s the chance that an affected individual has an affected offspring in an autosomal dominant disease?

A

50%

20
Q

Can an autosomal dominant disease skip a generation?

A

No

21
Q

Who are affected by x-linked recessive diseases?

A

Hemizygous males and homozygous

females affected

22
Q

Who are x-linked recessive diseases more common in?

A

Males

23
Q

What’s the chance of a heterozygous female carrier having affected sons of an x-linked recessive disease?

A

50%

24
Q

What’s the chance of an affected male carrier having affected sons of an x-linked recessive disease?

A

0%

25
Q

What is an example of an x-linked recessive disease?

A

Haemophilia A

26
Q

Who are affected in x-linked dominant diseases?

A

Hemizygous males and heterozygous

females affected

27
Q

Will affected males of x-linked dominant diseases give the trait to sons and daughters?

A

Affected males cannot give trait to sons,

but will give it to all their daughters

28
Q

Who do all individuals inherit their mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA from?

A

From their mothers

29
Q

What is the chance of children of a mother with a mitochondrial disease inherit the disease?

A

All the children will inherit it

30
Q

What is the chance of children of a father with a mitochondrial disease inheriting the disease?

A

None of the children will be affected

31
Q

What does polygenic mean?

A

When more than one gene is involved in producing a phenotype

32
Q

Is albinism inherited in a dominant or recessive manner?

A

Recessive manner

33
Q

When considering polygenic inheritance, what does linked and not linked mean?

A

• Genes on the same chromosome are
said to be ‘linked’
• Genes on different chromosomes are
said to be ‘not linked’

34
Q

What types of genes do not show independent assortment at meiosis?

A

Linked genes

35
Q

What is the recombinant frequency?

A

How often crossing over occurs

36
Q

What is the recombinant frequency between two linked genes dependent on?

A

The instance between the genes

37
Q

If two genes are close together, what is it called and what does t mean?

A

Tightly linked - the genes are more likely to travel together - less affected by crossing over

38
Q

What happens if two genes on the same chromosome are far apart?

A

They almost behave as unlinked genes

39
Q

Describe the effect of distance between genes on crossing over occurring

A

The further linked genes are apart, the more likely that crossing over occurs and more likely that new combinations are made