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Biology > 11. Classification > Flashcards

11. Classification Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does classification mean

A

The way in which organisms are divided into groups

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2
Q

What does Taxonomy mean

A

The scientific practice of grouping organisms based on shared characteristics

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3
Q

How is the modern classification system group organisms

A

Hierarchial
Phylogenetic

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4
Q

What does Hierarchical mean

A

Consists of
-Smaller groups within larger groups
-No overlap between groups

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5
Q

What does phylogenetic mean

A

Its based on the evolutionary history of organisms i.e their common ancestry

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6
Q

What is the hierarchial taxonomic rank

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Each group is a taxon

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7
Q

Where does the biological name of each species come from

A

Derived from its genus and species names
A binomial naming system

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8
Q

How is a phylogenetic system usually represented

A

By a phylogenetic tree
The oldest species at the base of the tree and most recent species at the ends of the tree
Each branch represents where a divergence occured (ancestor evolves to become a new species)
The closer the branches, the closer the evolutionary relationship, the more recently they shared a common ancestor

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9
Q

How do you clarify evolutionary relationships

A

Observable characteristics or DNA and molecular technology

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10
Q

What technologies have been useful for clarifying evolutionary relationships

A

-Genome sequencing
-Comparing amino acid sequences
-Immunological comparisons

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11
Q

What is the definition of a species

A

A group of organisms with similar characteristics that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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12
Q

Two organsims can belong to the same species if

A

-They have the potential to breed with eachother
-Their offspring are fertile

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13
Q

Why are offspring of different species unable to undergo meiosis and unavle to produce gametes

A

In meiosis gametes are formed which contain half the chromosomes found in a normal body cell
With an odd number of chromosomes, meiosis cannot be completed and no gametes form.

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14
Q

What are problems in classifying organisms as distinct species

A

-Life evolved 3.5 billion y/a and the extinct species outnumber the living ones
-Most didnt leave fossils. Fossils often incomplete and not all features can be observed
-If organism is only known from fossil records, cant test weather they can interbreed
-Considerable variation between any one species
-Organisms that are isolated may be classified as different species but could turn ut to be same species
-Ability to interbreed cant be tested on organisms that use asexual reproduction

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15
Q

What is courtship behaviour

A

Innate - genetically determined
All members of same species are genertically programmed to show same courtship behaviour as they share same genes
Necessary for successful mating

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16
Q

What are the different functions of courtship behaviour

A

-Species recognition
-Synchronising reproductive behaviour
-Identifying a mate that is capable of breeding
-Formation of a pair bond
-Becoming able to breed

17
Q

What is the function of species recognition

A

Allows one species to recognise other members of the same species
Important for producing fertile offspring

18
Q

What is the function of synchronising reproductive behaviour

A

Behaviour of one individual stimulates a response from the other
Ensures mating only occurs when there is a maximum probability of the sperm and egg meeting
E.g when theyre at correct stage in reproductive cycle

19
Q

Why is identifying a mate tha is capable of breeding an important courtship behaviour

A

Both partners need to be sexually mature and receptive to breeding

20
Q

Why is formation of a pair bond an important courtship behavior

A

Keeps male and female together
Increases the survival chances of the offspring

21
Q

Why is becoming able to breed an important courtship behavior

A

Bringing a member of the opposite sex into a physiological state that allows breeding to occur

22
Q

What are forms courtship behaviour can take

A

Display of breeding colours
Dance
Song
Depends on the habitat

23
Q

What are the 5 ways of investigating genetic diversity and looking at evolutionary relationship between species

A

-Frequency of measurable or observable characteristics
-Base sequence of DNA
-Base sequence of mRNA
-Amino acid sequence of the proteins encoded by DNA and mRNA
-Immunological techniques

24
Q

How do you investiagte genetic diversity by comapry the frequency of measurable or obervable characteristics

A

Careful detailed observations of the anatomy and physiology of different individuals
But they are often coded for by more than one gene
Environmet can also influence some characteristics so doesnt show differences in DNA

25
Q

How do you comapre the base sequence of DNA

A

Mmebers of same species have similar DNA base sequences
Random mutations cause genetic variation
Species that have closer evolutionary relationships will have more similar sequences of DNA in a particular gene

26
Q

How do you compair the base sequence of mRNA to see genetic diversity

A

More useful to compare organisms by looking which parts of their genome are expressed
Base sequence of mRNA can be studied and compared in different organisms.
Similarities and differences can be used to determine evolutionary relationships and genetic diversity.

27
Q

How does comparing amino acid sequence of the proteins encoded by DNA and mRNA help to see genetic diversity

A

DNA base sequence codes for sequence of amino acids in proteins
Organisms that share a more recent common ancestor will have more similar amino acid sequences in a specific protein.

28
Q

Why should any conclusions about evolutionary relationships from a study of amino acid sequences be treated with caution

A

· Only a short section of polypeptide has been analysed
· Amino acid sequences may be the same but DNA/RNA base sequence may be different, due to degenerate nature of the genetic code.

29
Q

How are immunological techniques used to see genetic diversity

A

Antibodies that are specific to antigens from a particular species can be mixed with antigens from a different species to see if they are also complementary.
If the antigens of the two species are similar there will be a large number of antigen-antibody complexes formed, suggesting they are closely related

30
Q

How do you measure variation

A

Collect data that is quantitative and analyse it mathematically.
Allows features such as the mean and standard deviation to be calculated which allow valid comparisons to be made.

31
Q

What kind of samples are more representative

A

Large samples are more representative of the population than small samples, and minimise the influence of chance on the results
size of the sample is often determined by the time available to collect the sample

32
Q

How do you ensure a representative smaple is used

A

Random sampling used, to ensure that every member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. This avoids sampling bias.

33
Q

When can the standard deviation be calculated

A

Whenever replicates have been taken in an investigation

34
Q

What is standard deviation and what does in show

A

-A measure of the spread of values about the mean and thus indicates the extent of variation a population shows.
-Data is more similar if the standard deviation is smaller
-SD can be indicative of the reliability of the data – the smaller the SD the more precise the data
-SD is not the same as the range. Using SD is more valid because involves use of all values but will reduce impact of extreme data points

35
Q

When is SD useful

A

Comparing two or more sets of data.
SD is calculated for both sets
If SD overlap then there is no significant difference
If no overlap then theres asignificant difference

36
Q

What happens when SD is doubled

A

It gives a spread about the mean in which 95% of the data lies
If used to compare sets and theres no overlap, you can be confindent that there is a significant difference between the means

Biology (23 decks)

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