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Biology Stage 2 > 1.1 Chromosomes and DNA > Flashcards

1.1 Chromosomes and DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of DNA in cells?

A

DNA stores and transits genetic information, it functions the same way in all living things.

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2
Q

What is the shape of the DNA?

A

DNA is a helical double-stranded molecule

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3
Q

What is the shape of DNA in eukaryotic cells?

A

DNA is bound to proteins in linear chromosomes, which are found in the nucleus.

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4
Q

What is the shape of DNA in prokaryotic cells?

A

DNA is unbound and circular in the cytosol of prokaryotes and in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotes.

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5
Q

What is the purpose of DNA replication?

A

For genetic information to be inherited.

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6
Q

What are the two basic forms of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

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7
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

They are found in humans, plants, animals, fungi, and insects.

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8
Q

Describe the make up of organelles in eukaryotic cells.

A

Eukaryotic cells have nuclei (plural word for nucleus) and other membrane bound organelles.

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9
Q

Describe the DNA of eukaryotic cells.

A

Eukaryotic cells have linear strands of DNA

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10
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells are found in bacteria and are less complex than eukaryotic cells. Examples of prokaryotic cells are bacterial cells themselves.

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11
Q

Describe the make up of organelles in prokaryotic cells.

A

Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and they also do not have any membrane bound organelles.

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12
Q

Describe the DNA of prokaryotic cells.

A

Prokaryotic cells have smaller and circular DNA.

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13
Q

Where is the DNA of prokaryotic cells found?

A

DNA in prokaryotic cells is held in a nucleotide.

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14
Q

Exam question (SM): Define prokaryotic cells, their make-up, and everything.

A

Prokaryotic cells are approximately 1 um in size. Their genetic material is a single circular piece of coiled DNA and they have no true nucleus (no membrane around DNA). The DNA is located in a region called the nucleotide. They do not contain membrane bound organelles as they only contain organelles called ribosomes.

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15
Q

Exam question (SM): Define eukaryotic cells, their make-up, and everything.

A

The size of eukaryotic cells are between 10-100 um. The genetic material in eukaryotic cells are linear chromosomes and they have a true membrane bound nucleus. The region between the nucleus and the cell membrane is called the cytoplasm. Suspended in the cytoplasm are membrane bound organelles with specialized structures and functions.

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16
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

Large molecules that are found in living organisms. Usually, many smaller units join together to make the macromolecule.

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17
Q

What are the four major types of organic compounds in cells an organisms?

A

Firstly, each macromolecule group is made from different types of monomers (subunits).

  1. Proteins
  2. Lipids
    3.Carbohydrates/polysaccharides
  3. Nucleic acid
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18
Q

Polymer: Proteins

A

Monomer: Amino acids

19
Q

Polymer: Lipid

A

Monomer: Fatty acids and glycerol

20
Q

Polymer: Carbohydrates and polysaccharides

A

Monomer: Sugars and monosaccharides

21
Q

Polymer: Nucleic acids

A

Monomer: Nucleotides

22
Q

What are the two types of the macromolecule (polymer) nucleic acids?

A

DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA - ribonucleic acid

23
Q

What is DNA?

A

It is a macromolecule found in all living cells, and is the chemical that controls virtually everything that happens in cells. It is the most fundamental chemical of life, believed to have formed some three billion years ago when the first forms of life arose.

24
Q

How is DNA found in cells?

A

DNA in cells are found in structures called chromosomes.

25
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes are used to store and transmit genetic information.

26
Q

What are histones?

A

DNA is packed into chromosomes by proteins called histones, acting as spools around which DNA winds.

27
Q

What are telomeres?

A

The tips of the chromosomes are short lengths of DNA called telomeres, which protect the structure from breakdown and stop the chromosomes from binding to each other.

28
Q

Describe DNA in prokaryotes

A

Located in the liquid parts of the cytoplasm (cytosol) called the nucleotide region.

29
Q

Where is DNA located in prokaryotes?

A

In the liquids parts of the cytoplasm called the cytosol. It is the nucleotide region. The chromosomes are singular and circular.

30
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Plasmids are small, circular, and double-stranded DNA molecules that are different from the cells chromosomal DNA. Plasmids naturally exist in bacterial cells. Genes carried in plasmids provide bacteria with genetic advantages, such as antibiotic resistance.

31
Q

Describe DNA in eukaryotes?

A

DNA is located in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cells as linear strands. DNA is made of chromatin which cannot be distinguished under a microscope. When the cell divides, the chromatin condenses to form thicker, more visible structure called chromosomes.

32
Q

What are the other two types of membrane bound organelles that also contain DNA?

A

Mitochondria with mitochondria DNA (or MtDNA) and chloroplasts. These are specific to each organelle and separate from chromosomal DNA.
MtDNA and DNA found in chloroplasts are double stranded, but they are not circular or bound to proteins. These are also theories for the existence of DNA in these organelles - mitochondria and chloroplasts were once “free-living” unicellular organisms capable of their own existence. This also supports the idea that ancient forms of the mitochondria and chloroplasts came together within a membrane to make more complex cells.

33
Q

How is RNA different from DNA?

A

RNA is single stranded, made of the ribose sugar, and has bases A, U, G, and C.

34
Q

What is uracil?

A

It is energetically less expensive to produce than thymine.

35
Q

Describe the importance of RNA and DNA

A

RNA and DNA are both involved in the synthesis of proteins. RNA is a temporary store of genetic information before this is passed on for protein synthesis.

36
Q

Chromosomes in humans

A

In humans there are 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 individual chromosomes in total). One pair (called the sex chromosomes) determines the gender of the humans. The other 22 pairs are autosomes and they determine other characteristics.

37
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A picture of the complete set of chromosomes.

38
Q

What is a gene?

A

Gene is a segment of DNA on a chromosome that contains the complete sequences of bases needed to direct the manufacture of a protein or RNA. Each gene has a specific (fixed) location (locus) on a particular chromosome. For example, a gene that codes for the protein keratin is found no chromosome 17. Each of the 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) are made up of many genes. Pairs of chromosomes have equivalent genes on them.

39
Q

What is DNA?

A

Chemical unit of genetic information

40
Q

What are genes?

A

Functional units of genetic information and they have specific DNA sequences. They determine protein synthesis, physical characteristics, and inheritance.

41
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Structural units of genetic information and they are short thick linear structures. They form just before cell division as chromatin condenses and there are many genes on each chromosome.

42
Q

What are chromatin?

A

long thread like structure made up of DNA wrapped up with proteins (histones). Present when the cell is not dividing.

43
Q

What are chromatids?

A

Duplicate copies of chromosomes, only present during cell division (mitosis and meiosis).

Biology Stage 2 (4 decks)

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