1.1 Characteristics of living organisms Flashcards by bushra akhtar

What are the characteristics of living organisms? (MRS GREN)

Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity

Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition

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Movement

an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place

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Respiration

the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism

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Sensitivity

the ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal or external environment

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Growth

a permanent increase in size and dry mass

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Reproduction

the processes that make more of the same kind of organism

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Excretion

the removal of the waste products of metabolism and substances in excess of requirements

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Nutrition

the taking in of materials for energy, growth and development

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Species

a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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How can organisms be classified

organisms can be classified into groups by the features that they share

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The sequence of classification is
(King Philips Came Over For Good Soup)

Kingdom,
Phylum,
Class,
Order,
Family,
Genus,
Species

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The binomial system of naming species is an internationally agreed system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing ______ and _____

the genus (always given a capital letter) and followed by the species (starting with a lower case letter)
When typed, binomial names are always in italics (which indicates they are Latin) e.g. Homo sapiens
When written should be underlined

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Studies of DNA sequences of different species show what?

These show that the more similar the base sequences in the DNA of two species, the more closely related those two species are.

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What is the first division of living things in the classification system?

the five kingdoms

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What are the 5 kingdoms of classification?

Animal
Plant
Fungus
Prokaryote (Bacteria)
Protoctist

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Heterotroph

organisms that eat other organisms for energy and nutrients
cannot make its own food

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Eukaryotic

Its cells have a nucleus that contains the cells DNA

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Prokaryotic

Its cells don’t have a real nucleus, so its DNA floats in the cytoplasm

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What are the main features of all animals?

examples: Humans, Tigers, Lions, Birds
multicellular
cells contain a nucleus but no cell walls or chloroplasts
Heterotrophic

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Main features of all plants:

examples: flowers, apple trees
multicellular
Their cells contain a nucleus, chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls
autotrophs- make their own food by photosynthesis

Main features of all fungi

e.g. moulds, mushrooms(multicellular), yeast(unicellular)
usually multicellular
cell walls made of chitin (no chlorophyll
saprotrophic (feed on dead or decaying material) or parasitic (on live material) nutrition

What are the main features of all protoctists?

e.g. Amoeba,
Most are unicellular but some are multicellular
All have a nucleus, some may have cell walls and chloroplasts
Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
(this means that some protoctists photosynthesise and some feed on organic substances made by other living things)

What are the main features of all prokaryotes?

e.g bacteria
unicellular
have cell walls, and cytoplasm but NO nucleus or mitochondria
cell wall made from peptidoglycan
Autotrophic or hetrotrophic

What do the cell walls of fungi cells contain?

chitin

What is the cell wall of prokaryotes made from?

peptidoglycan

What 2 types of plants are in the plant kingdom?

Ferns and flowering plants

What features do ferns have?

* Have leaves called fronds * Do not produce flowers * reproduce by spores produced on the underside of their fronds

What features do flowering plants have?

* Reproduce using flowers and seeds * Seeds are produced inside the ovary in the flowers

flowering plants divided into two groups

monocotyledons and Dicotyledons

Features of Monocotyledons

* Flowers parts (petals) in multiples of 3 * Long Narrow Leaf * Parallel veins * eg- grasses, lily

Features of Dicotyledons

* Flowers parts (petals) in multiples of 4 or 5 * Broad leaves * Branching veins * eg- sunflower, rose

What are the 5 classes of vertebrates?

* mammals * birds * reptiles * amphibians * fish

What do all vertebrates have?

a backbone

What main features do mammals have? (6)

* breathe with lungs * fur/hair on skin * give birth to live young * young feed on milk from mammary glands * external ears (pinna) visible * warm-blooded (Endothermic)

What main features do birds have? (5)

* skin covered in feathers * have 2 legs and 2 wings instead of forelimbs * lay eggs with hard shell on land * have a beak * warm-blooded (Endothermic)

What main features do reptiles have? (4)

* dry, fixed scales on the skin * lay soft-shelled eggs on land * cold-blooded * breathe with lungs

Name 3 examples of a reptile.

Lizards, crocodiles, and snakes.

What main features do amphibians have? (4)

* Smooth, moist skin * lay eggs without shells in water * Gills (tadpoles) & Lungs (adult) can live on land and water * cold-blooded

2 examples of amphibians

frogs,Newts, toads

What main features do fish have? (4)

* wet scales on skin * gills to breathe * lay eggs without shells in water * cold-blooded

What characteristic do all arthropods have?

have a exoskeleton they have jointed legs

What are the four classes of arthropods

* crustaceans * myriapods * insects * arachnids

(3) What main features do myriapods have? And e.g.

* body consists of many segments * 10+ pairs of legs, 1 or 2 pairs on each segment * 1 pair of antennae (e.g. centipedes)

What main features do insects have? And e.g. | 4

* 3 part body (head, thorax and abdomen) * 3 pairs of jointed legs * 2 pairs of wings * 1 pair of antennae (e.g. bees)

What main features do arachnids have? And e.g. ## Footnote 3

* 2 part body - cephalothorax and abdomen * 4 pairs of jointed legs * no antennae (e.g. spiders)

What main features do crustaceans have? And e.g. ## Footnote 4

* more than 4 pairs of jointed legs * chalky exoskeleton formed from calcium * breathe through gills * 2 pairs of antennae (e.g. crabs)

Are viruses part of any classification systems? Why?

Viruses are not part of any classification system as **they are not considered living things because they do not carry out the seven life processes for themselves**

Viruses do not carry out the seven life processes for themselves. What do they do instead?

Instead, they take over a host cell’s metabolic pathways to make multiple copies of themselves.

What does a virus contain?

Viruses contain genetic material (DNA or RNA) inside a protein coat, relying on host cells for replication and survival.