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Biology > 1.1 Cells Structure > Flashcards

1.1 Cells Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

-Eukaryotic (plant and animal)
-Prokaryotic (bacteria)

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2
Q

What are the differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic (bacteria) cells are much smaller then Eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound-organelles and a nucleus containing genetic material, while prokaryotes do not.

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3
Q

What is the prokaryotic cell wall composed of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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4
Q

How is genetic information stored in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Found free within the cytoplasm as:

-Chromosomal DNA (single large loop of circular DNA)

-Plasmid DNA

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5
Q

What are plasmids?

A

-Small, circular loops of DNA found free in the cytoplasm and separate from the main DNA

-Carry genes that provides genetic advantages eg. antibiotic resistance.

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6
Q

What is order of magnitude?

A

A power to the base 10 used to quantify and compare size.

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7
Q

What is a centimetre (cm)?

A

1x10-² metres

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8
Q

What is a Millimeter (mm) ?

A

1x10-³ metres

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9
Q

What is a micrometer (μm)

A

1x10-⁶ metres

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10
Q

What is a nanometre (nm)?

A

1x10- ⁹ metres

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11
Q

List the components of both plant and animal cells (5)

A

-Nucleus
-Cytoplasm
-Cell membrane
-Mitochondria
-Ribosomes

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12
Q

List then additional cell components found in plant cells(3)

A

-Chloroplasts
-Permanent vacuole
- Cell wall

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13
Q

Other then storing genetic information, what is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls cellular activities

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14
Q

Describe the structure of the cytoplasm

A

-Fluid component of the cell
-Contains organelles, enzymes and dissolved ions and nutrients.

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15
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Site of the cellular reactions eg. first stage of respiration

Transport medium

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16
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls the entry and exit of materials into and out of the cell.

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17
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Site of later stages of aerobic respiration in which ATP is produced.

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18
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Joins amino acids in a specific order during translation for the synthesis of proteins

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19
Q

What is the plant cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose

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20
Q

What is the function of the plant cell wall?

A

-Provides strength
-Prevents the cell bursting when water enters by osmosis

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21
Q

What does the permanent vacuole contain?

A

Cell sap (a solution of salts, sugars and organic acids)

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22
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Supports the cell, maintaining its turgidity.

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23
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis

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24
Q

Describe how sperm cells in animals are adapted to their function

A

-Haploid nucleus contains genetic information
-Tail enables movement
-Mitochondria provides energy for tail movement
-Acrosome contains enzymes that digest the egg cell membrane

25
Q

Describe how nerve cells in animals are adapted to their function

A

-Long axon allows electrical impulses to be transmitted all over the body from the central nervous system.
-Dendrites from the cell body connect to and receive impulses from other nerve cells, muscles and glands.
-Myelin Sheath insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of impulses along the nerve cell.

26
Q

Describe how muscle cells in animals are adapted to their function

A

-Arrangement of protein filaments allows them to slide over each other to produce muscle contraction.
-Mitochondria to provide energy for muscle contraction
-Merged cells in skeletal muscle allows muscle fibre contraction in unison

27
Q

Describe how root hair cells in plants are adapted to their function

A

-Large surface area to absorb, nutrients and water from the surrounding soil
-Thin walls that do not restrict the water absorption

28
Q

Describe how xylem cells in plants are adapted to their function

A

-No upper or lower margins between cells to provide a continuous root of water to flow
-Thick, woody side walls, strengthen their structure and prevent collapse

29
Q

Describe how phloem cells in plants are adapted to their function

A

-Sieve plates let dissolved amino acids and sugars be transported up and down the stem.
-companion cells provide energy needed for active transport of substances along the phloem

30
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

The process by which cells become specialised.

31
Q

Why is cell differentiation important?

A

Allows production of different tissues and organs that perform
various vital functions in the human body

32
Q

At what point in their life cycle do most animal cells differentiate?

A

Early in their life cycle

33
Q

For how long do plant cells retain the ability to differentiate?

A

Throughout their entire life cycle

34
Q

What is the purpose of cell division in mature animals

A

Repair and replacement of cells

35
Q

What changes does a cell go through as differentiates?

A

Become specialised through acquisition of different sub cellular structures to enable a specific function to be performed by the cell

36
Q

Define magnification

A

The number of times bigger, an image appears compared to the size of a real object

37
Q

Define resolution

A

The smaller distance between two objects that can be distinguished

38
Q

How does a light microscope work?

A

Passes a beam of light through the specimen, which travels through the eyepiece lens, allowing the specimen to be observed.

39
Q

What are the advantages of light microscopes? (4)

A

-Inexpensive
-Easy to use
-Portable
-Observe both dead and living specimens

40
Q

What is the disadvantage of light microscopes?

A

Limited resolution

41
Q

How does an electron microscope work?

A

It uses a beam of electrons which are focus using magnets. The electrons hit a fluorescent screen, which emits visible light producing an image.

42
Q

Name the two types of electron microscope

A

-Transmission electron microscope
-Scanning electron microscope

43
Q

What is the advantage of an electron microscope?

A

Greater magnification and resolution

44
Q

Why do electron microscopes have a greater magnification and resolution?

A

They use a beam of electrons, which has a shorter wavelength than photons of light

45
Q

How have electron microscopes enabled scientists to develop their understanding of cells?

A

-Allow small sub-cellular structures to be observed in detail

-Enable scientists to develop more accurate explanation about how cell structure relates to function

46
Q

What are the disadvantages of electron microscopes? (4)

A

-Expensive
-Large so less portable
-Require training to use
-Only dead specimens can be observed

47
Q

How can Magnification be calculated?

A

Magnification=
Size of imagine / size of real object

48
Q

What is standard form?

A

A way of expressing numbers - written as a figure between 1 and 10 multiplied by a positive or negative power of 10

49
Q

Write 0.005 in standard form

A

0.005 = 5x10-³

50
Q

Write 10382 in standard form

A

10382=1.0382 x 10⁴

51
Q

How do bacteria multiply?

A

Binary fission (simple cell devision)

52
Q

How often do bacteria multiply?

A

Once every 20 minutes if enough nutrients are available and the temperature is suitable.

53
Q

State 2 ways in which bacteria can be grown

A

-Nutrients broth solution
-Colonies on a agar gel plate

54
Q

What nutrients make up a nutrient broth solution?

A

All nutrients required for bacteria to grow, including nitrogen for protein synthesis carbohydrates for energy and other minerals

55
Q

What are uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms needed for?

A

Investigating disinfectant and antibiotic action

56
Q

Why must petri dishes and culture media before sterilised before use?

A

To kill any bacteria already present

57
Q

Why must inoculating loops be sterilised by passing them through a bunsen burner flame?

A

To kill any bacteria present on the inoculating loop

58
Q

Why must the Petri dish lid be secured with tap and the whole dish stored upside down?

A

-Stops bacteria in the air contaminating the culture
-The lid is not fully sealed to prevent growth of anaerobic bacteria in a lack of oxygen
-Upside down to prevent condensation from forming and dripping down into the colonies

59
Q

Why are cultures incubated at 25•C in school labs

A

Harmful pathogens are less likely to grow at this temp

Biology (3 decks)

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