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Biology > 1.1 Cells Structure > Flashcards

1.1 Cells Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

-Eukaryotic (plant and animal)
-Prokaryotic (bacteria)

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2
Q

What are the differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic (bacteria) cells are much smaller then Eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound-organelles and a nucleus containing genetic material, while prokaryotes do not.

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3
Q

What is the prokaryotic cell wall composed of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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4
Q

How is genetic information stored in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Found free within the cytoplasm as:

-Chromosomal DNA (single large loop of circular DNA)

-Plasmid DNA

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5
Q

What are plasmids?

A

-Small, circular loops of DNA found free in the cytoplasm and separate from the main DNA

-Carry genes that provides genetic advantages eg. antibiotic resistance.

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6
Q

What is order of magnitude?

A

A power to the base 10 used to quantify and compare size.

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7
Q

What is a centimetre (cm)?

A

1x10-² metres

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8
Q

What is a Millimeter (mm) ?

A

1x10-³ metres

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9
Q

What is a micrometer (μm)

A

1x10-⁶ metres

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10
Q

What is a nanometre (nm)?

A

1x10- ⁹ metres

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11
Q

List the components of both plant and animal cells (5)

A

-Nucleus
-Cytoplasm
-Cell membrane
-Mitochondria
-Ribosomes

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12
Q

List then additional cell components found in plant cells(3)

A

-Chloroplasts
-Permanent vacuole
- Cell wall

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13
Q

Other then storing genetic information, what is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls cellular activities

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14
Q

Describe the structure of the cytoplasm

A

-Fluid component of the cell
-Contains organelles, enzymes and dissolved ions and nutrients.

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15
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Site of the cellular reactions eg. first stage of respiration

Transport medium

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16
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls the entry and exit of materials into and out of the cell.

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17
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Site of later stages of aerobic respiration in which ATP is produced.

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18
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Joins amino acids in a specific order during translation for the synthesis of proteins

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19
Q

What is the plant cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose

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20
Q

What is the function of the plant cell wall?

A

-Provides strength
-Prevents the cell bursting when water enters by osmosis

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21
Q

What does the permanent vacuole contain?

A

Cell sap (a solution of salts, sugars and organic acids)

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22
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Supports the cell, maintaining its turgidity.

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23
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis

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24
Q

Describe how sperm cells in animals are adapted to their function

A

-Haploid nucleus contains genetic information
-Tail enables movement
-Mitochondria provides energy for tail movement
-Acrosome contains enzymes that digest the egg cell membrane

25
Describe how nerve cells in animals are adapted to their function
-Long axon allows electrical impulses to be transmitted all over the body from the central nervous system. -Dendrites from the cell body connect to and receive impulses from other nerve cells, muscles and glands. -Myelin Sheath insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of impulses along the nerve cell.
26
Describe how muscle cells in animals are adapted to their function
-Arrangement of protein filaments allows them to slide over each other to produce muscle contraction. -Mitochondria to provide energy for muscle contraction -Merged cells in skeletal muscle allows muscle fibre contraction in unison
27
Describe how root hair cells in plants are adapted to their function
-Large surface area to absorb, nutrients and water from the surrounding soil -Thin walls that do not restrict the water absorption
28
Describe how xylem cells in plants are adapted to their function
-No upper or lower margins between cells to provide a continuous root of water to flow -Thick, woody side walls, strengthen their structure and prevent collapse
29
Describe how phloem cells in plants are adapted to their function
-Sieve plates let dissolved amino acids and sugars be transported up and down the stem. -companion cells provide energy needed for active transport of substances along the phloem
30
What is cell differentiation?
The process by which cells become specialised.
31
Why is cell differentiation important?
Allows production of different tissues and organs that perform various vital functions in the human body
32
At what point in their life cycle do most animal cells differentiate?
Early in their life cycle
33
For how long do plant cells retain the ability to differentiate?
Throughout their entire life cycle
34
What is the purpose of cell division in mature animals
Repair and replacement of cells
35
What changes does a cell go through as differentiates?
Become specialised through acquisition of different sub cellular structures to enable a specific function to be performed by the cell
36
Define magnification
The number of times bigger, an image appears compared to the size of a real object
37
Define resolution
The smaller distance between two objects that can be distinguished
38
How does a light microscope work?
Passes a beam of light through the specimen, which travels through the eyepiece lens, allowing the specimen to be observed.
39
What are the advantages of light microscopes? (4)
-Inexpensive -Easy to use -Portable -Observe both dead and living specimens
40
What is the disadvantage of light microscopes?
Limited resolution
41
How does an electron microscope work?
It uses a beam of electrons which are focus using magnets. The electrons hit a fluorescent screen, which emits visible light producing an image.
42
Name the two types of electron microscope
-Transmission electron microscope -Scanning electron microscope
43
What is the advantage of an electron microscope?
Greater magnification and resolution
44
Why do electron microscopes have a greater magnification and resolution?
They use a beam of electrons, which has a shorter wavelength than photons of light
45
How have electron microscopes enabled scientists to develop their understanding of cells?
-Allow small sub-cellular structures to be observed in detail -Enable scientists to develop more accurate explanation about how cell structure relates to function
46
What are the disadvantages of electron microscopes? (4)
-Expensive -Large so less portable -Require training to use -Only dead specimens can be observed
47
How can Magnification be calculated?
Magnification= Size of imagine / size of real object
48
What is standard form?
A way of expressing numbers - written as a figure between 1 and 10 multiplied by a positive or negative power of 10
49
Write 0.005 in standard form
0.005 = 5x10-³
50
Write 10382 in standard form
10382=1.0382 x 10⁴
51
How do bacteria multiply?
Binary fission (simple cell devision)
52
How often do bacteria multiply?
Once every 20 minutes if enough nutrients are available and the temperature is suitable.
53
State 2 ways in which bacteria can be grown
-Nutrients broth solution -Colonies on a agar gel plate
54
What nutrients make up a nutrient broth solution?
All nutrients required for bacteria to grow, including nitrogen for protein synthesis carbohydrates for energy and other minerals
55
What are uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms needed for?
Investigating disinfectant and antibiotic action
56
Why must petri dishes and culture media before sterilised before use?
To kill any bacteria already present
57
Why must inoculating loops be sterilised by passing them through a bunsen burner flame?
To kill any bacteria present on the inoculating loop
58
Why must the Petri dish lid be secured with tap and the whole dish stored upside down?
-Stops bacteria in the air contaminating the culture -The lid is not fully sealed to prevent growth of anaerobic bacteria in a lack of oxygen -Upside down to prevent condensation from forming and dripping down into the colonies
59
Why are cultures incubated at 25•C in school labs
Harmful pathogens are less likely to grow at this temp

Biology (3 decks)

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