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Biology > ✅1.1 Cell Division > Flashcards

✅1.1 Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the nucleus of a cell contain?

A

The nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes

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2
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

Chromosomes are made up of DNA molecules

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3
Q

What do chromosomes carry?

A

Chromosomes carry a large number of genes

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4
Q

Explain the function of genes

A

Genes contain the instructions for making proteins

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5
Q

How are chromosomes normally found?

A

Chromosomes are normally found in pairs of 23 per body cell, so 46 in total

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6
Q

Name the process in which cells divide

A

Cell Cycle

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7
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The cell cycle is a series of stages in which a cell divides

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8
Q

Explain the 1st stage of the cell cycle

A

The 1st stage of the cell cycle is cell growth

  1. The number of sub-cellular structures, such as the mitochondria and ribosomes increase
  2. The cell itself grows in size
  3. The DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each other
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9
Q

Explain the 2nd stage of the cell cycle

A

Mitosis is when one set of chromosome is pulled to each end of the cell, and the nucleus divides into two

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10
Q

Explain the 3rd stage of the cell cycle

A

The 3rd stage of the cell cycle is Cell Divison where:

  • The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 identical daughter cells
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11
Q

What are the names of the three stages of when a cell divides?

A

Stage 1- Growth
Stage 2- Mitosis
Stage 3- Cell division

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12
Q

Give 3 functions of mitosis

A

Functions of mitosis:

  • Growth and development of multicellular organisms
  • Healing and repairing of organisms
  • Mitosis occurs during asexual reproduction
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13
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have not yet become specialised, and can create more stem cells, from which they can differentiate to form other types of cells

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14
Q

What is special about stem cells inside an embryo (embryonic stem cells)?

A

Stem cells inside the embryo are unspecialised so they can differentiate to produce a wide range of cells

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15
Q

Embryo

A

An embryo develops from a fertilised egg

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16
Q

What is the function of stem cells inside an embryo

A

Stem cells inside the embryo is to differentiate to produce many different cell types

17
Q

What is the nature of stem cells in adult animals

A

They can only differentitate into a limited range of cell types

18
Q

What is the function of stem cells in adult animals

A

To replace cells that are worn out or damaged

19
Q

Where can adult stem cells be found

A

Adult stem cells can be found in bone marrow

20
Q

What is special about adult bone marrow?

A

Stem cells from adult bone marrow can form many types of cells, including blood cells

21
Q

What conditions can stem cells be used to treat?

A

Treatment with stem cells can be used to help conditions such as diabetes and paralysis

22
Q

What are meristems?

A

Meristems are specialised tissues that produce plant stem cells

23
Q

What is special about plant stem cells?

A

Plant stem cells can differentiate into any type of plant cell throughout the life of the plant

24
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

Process that produces an embryo with the same genes as the patient, so that it can be used for medical treatment and will not be rejected by the patient’s body

25
Q

Explain the process of therapeutic cloning

A
  1. The nucleus of a donated egg cell is removed and replaced with the nucleus of a patient’s cell
  2. The egg cell develops into an embryo that has the same genes as the patient
  3. The stem cells from the embryo are removed to treat the patient
26
Q

Why are stem cells not rejected by the patient’s body in therapeutic cloning?

A

They have the same genes as the patient’s body

27
Q

List 2 benefits of therapeutic cloning

A
  • Stem cells can help treat many conditions such as diabities and paralysis
  • The cells produced can be used for research
  • Not rejected by the body
  • Produces wider range of cells
28
Q

List 3 issues of therapeutic cloning

A
  • Ethical objections - Should an embryo be treated as a person?
  • Stem cells have potential to transfer viral infections
  • There is a risk of stem cells mutating and behaving like cancer cells
29
Q

List 3 benefits of using stem cells from meristems

A
  • Plants can be cloned quickly
  • Rare species of plants can be cloned to protect from extinction
  • Plants with useful features (like disease resistance) can be cloned to produce large numbers for farmers

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