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A LEVEL PE > 1.1 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

1.1 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Diastole

A

Term used to describe the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle. Heart ventricles are relaxed and fill with blood

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2
Q

Systole

A

Term used to describe the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle - the ventricles contract and blood pumped to the arteries

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3
Q

Stroke volume

A

The volume of blood that leaves the heart during each contraction

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4
Q

Health

A

State of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity

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5
Q

Fitness

A

The ability to meet and cope with the demands of the environment

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6
Q

Physical activity

A

Being active and taking part in exercise - can directly benefit your physical health and wellbeing
Or doing physical activity to maintain or improve fitness

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7
Q

Heart rate

A

Number of times the heart beats per minute

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8
Q

Anticipatory rise

A

Slight increase in heart rate usually before activity starts due to the expectation of exercise

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9
Q

Cardiac output

A

The amount of blood the heart pumps out. Measured in litres per minute

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10
Q

What is the cardiovascular system made up of

A

The heart and the blood vessels

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11
Q

Why is an efficient cardiovascular system important during exercise

A
  • deliever oxygen to working muscles
  • remove lactic acid
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12
Q

Cardiac muscles - what are they? Where has more?

A
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13
Q

What does the vena cava do?

A

Brings deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

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14
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do

A

Delivered oxygenated blood to the left atrium

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15
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

Transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to be oxygenated

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16
Q

What does the aorta do

A

Transports blood from left ventricle to the working muscles

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17
Q

What is the jobs of the valves of the heart

A

They open and close to allow blood to pass through but also to prevent back flow of blood

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18
Q

Myogenic

A

The capacity of the heart to generate its own impulses

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19
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

A small mass of cardiac muscles found in the wall of the right atrium that generates the heart beat. It is more commonly called the pacemaker

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20
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

This node relays the impulse between the upper and lower sections of the heart

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21
Q

Bundle of his

A

A collection of heart muscle cells that transmit electrical impulses from the AVN via the bundle branches to the ventricles

22
Q

Purkyne fibres

A

Muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricles

23
Q

Long term effects on the heart?

A
  • increase in size and strength of the heart
  • increase number of capillaries- more efficient oxygen to muscles
  • improvement in cardiac output
  • decrease resting HR
  • Increase in blood volume = more oxygen
24
Q

Short term effects on the heart?

A

-increased HR due to adrenaline
-increase in stroke volume
-increase cardiac output

25
Q

Sympathetic system in bullet points

A
  • increases HR by releasing adrenaline
  • adrenaline increases the strength of ventricular contractions = more SV
    -Noradrenaline is released aids the spread of electrical impulses = increased HR
  • increased metabolic activity causes increased lactic acid
    -these changes are picked up by chemoreceptors and inform the sympathetic system to flush out waste products
  • this results in increased cardiac output
26
Q

Parasympathetic system in bullet points

A
  • releases acetylcholine which spreads electrical impulses which slows the HR down
27
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Tiny structures in the carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in blood acidity caused by an increase or decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide.

28
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Special sensors in tissues in the aortic arch, carotid sinus, heart and pulmonary vessels that respond to changes in blood pressure to either increase or decrease heart rate. Detects decrease in blood pressure

29
Q

Proprioreceptors

A

Sensory nerve endings in the muscles, tendons and joints that detect changes in muscle movement.

30
Q

Chemoreceptors simply

A

Chemoreceptors → increase in CO2 → increase in heart rate

31
Q

Baroreceptors simply

A

Baroreceptors → increase in blood pressure → decrease in heart rate

32
Q

Proprioreceptors simply

A

Proprioceptors → increase in muscle movement → increase in heart rate

33
Q

How to work out cardiac output

A

SV X HR

34
Q

Average resting HR

A

72bpm

35
Q

Bradycardia?

A

When RHR is below 60

36
Q

Pathway of blood through the heart?

A

Vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery → lungs →pulmonary vein → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta → body

37
Q

A-vO2 ( arteriovenous oxygen ) difference is ?

A

Is the difference in the oxygen content between the arterial blood and the Venus blood.

38
Q

Starlings law?

A

If more blood is being pumped back into the heart, then more blood has to be pumped out, so stroke volume will increase, this is Starlings’s law

39
Q

6 venous return mechanisms

A
  • The skeletal muscle pump
  • The respiratory pump
  • Pocket valves
  • Smooth muscle in the walls of the veins
  • Gravity
  • The suction pump action of the heart
40
Q

The skeletal muscle pump

A

When muscles contract and relax, they change shape. This change in shape means muscles press on nearby veins which squeezes blood towards the heart.

41
Q

The respiratory pump

A

When muscles contract and relax during breathing in and out, pressure changes occur in the chest and the stomach, changing pressure compress nearby veins and assist blood back to the heart

42
Q

Pocket valves

A

The presence of valves and shows that blood only flows in one direction, this is because once the blood has passed through the vowels they close to prevent backflow of blood

43
Q

Smooth muscle in the walls of the veins

A

Helps squeeze blood back to the heart

44
Q

Gravity

A

Helps blood return to the heart from upper body

45
Q

During exercise the curve shift to the right this is called the Bohr shift. What causes this ?

A

Caused by increase in blood pressure co2 levels increase , body temperature and blood acidity during exercise. This allows oxygen to Dissociate from haemoglobin.

46
Q

Explain how redistribution blood occurs during exercise

A

Redistribution of blood flow is different during exercise compared to rest. During exercise the skeletal muscles require more oxygen so more blood needs to be redirected to them in order to oxygen demands. Redirecting of blood flow is known as vascular shunting. The vasomotor center in the medulla oblongata causes vasoconstruction of the arterioles in the working muscles.

47
Q

Myoglobin

A
  • stores oxygen in the muscles
  • has a higher affinity for oxygen
48
Q

Blood pressure

A

Is the force exerted by blood vessel wall

49
Q

Explain the cardiovascular drift?

A

During exercise at steady state ( min 10 mins ) and in a hot environment, your body you will lose fluid in the plasma because you sweat. This will result in a gradual decrease in stroke volume and a gradual increase in heart rate. Resolving a slight increase in cardiac and reduced Venous return.

50
Q

Haemoglobin

A

-Transports oxygen in the blood
- Muscles receive more oxygen
-increase in oxygen release

A LEVEL PE (1 decks)

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