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PE > 1.1 Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

1.1 Cardiovascular system Flashcards

Paper 1

1
Q

What is the Atria?

A

Push bloods down into the ventricles, have thin muscular walls so it doesn’t require much force.

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2
Q

What is the Ventricle?

A

Thicker Walls, need to contract with force to push blood out of the heart

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3
Q

What does the Left side of the Heart do?

A

Pump blood all around the body

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4
Q

What does the Right side of the Heart do?

A

Pump Deoxygenated blood to the Lungs

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5
Q

What does the Vena cava do?

A

Brings deoxygenated blood back to right atrium

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6
Q

What does the Pulmonary Vein do?

A

Deliver oxygenated blood to left atrium

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7
Q

What does the Pulmonary Artery do?

A

Leaves right ventricle with deoxygenated blood to go to lungs.

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8
Q

What does the Aorta do?

A

Leaves left ventricle with oxygenated blood leading to the body.

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9
Q

What do valves do?

A

Allow blood to pass through and close to prevent back flow

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10
Q

Where is the Tricuspid Valve?

A

Between Right atrium & Right Ventricle

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11
Q

Where is the Bicuspid Valve?

A

Between Left Atrium and Left Ventricle

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12
Q

Where are the Semilunar Valves?

A

Between the Left & Right Ventricle and Pulmonary Artery & Aorta

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13
Q

What does Myogenic?

A

The capacity of the heart to generate its own impulses

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14
Q

What is the Cardiac Conduction System?

A

Group of specialised cells in the wall of the heart that send electrical impulses to the heart causing it to contract.

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15
Q

What is The Cardiac Conduction System Journey?

A

SAN
Wave of excitation
Atrial Systole
AVN
Bundle of his
Branches of his
Purkinje Fibres
Ventricular Systole

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16
Q

What is the SAN?

A

Cardiac muscle found in wall of right atrium, generates heart beat (Pacemaker)

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17
Q

What is Atrial Systole?

A

When atria contract together and pump out blood.

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18
Q

What is the AVN?

A

Relays the impulse between the upper and lower sections of the heart.

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19
Q

What are the Bundle of His?

A

Heart muscle cells that transmit electrical impulses from AVN via branches to the ventricles.

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20
Q

What are purine fibres?

A

Muscle fibres that conduct impulses in walls of ventricles.

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21
Q

What is Ventricular systole?

A

Ventricles contract and push blood out through aorta and pulmonary artery.

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22
Q

What is the Sympathetic Nervous System?

A

Increases Heart Rate

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23
Q

What is Parasympathetic System?

A

Decreases Heart Rate

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24
Q

What is the Central Nervous System?

A

Brain and Spinal cord

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25
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

Transmit information to and from CNS.

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26
Q

What is the Cardiac Control System?

A

Located in the Medulla Oblongata.
Sympathetic nervous impulses are sent to SAN and there is a Decrease in Parasympathetic nerve impulses so HR Increases.

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27
Q

What do Chemoreceptors do during exercise?

A

Detect increase in CO2
Increase in CO2 in blood will stimulate Sympathetic NS, which will Increase HR.

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28
Q

What do baroreceptors do?

A

Detect levels of Blood Pressure.
Increase in Atrial pressure causes Increase stretch of Baroreceptor sensors resulting in Decrease HR.
Decrease Atrial pressure causes Decrease stretch of Baroreceptor sensors resulting in Increase HR.

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29
Q

What do Proprioceptors do?

A

Detect Movement

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30
Q

What do Proprioceptors at the Start of Exercise?

A

Detect muscle movement
Send impulse to medulla
Send impulse through Sympathetic NS to SAN
Increase HR
When Parasympathetic System stimulates SAN HR Decreases

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31
Q

Hormone Control Mechanism

A
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32
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

Stress hormone that is released by sympathetic nerves and Cardiac nerve during exercise

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33
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

Stimulates SAN which results in increase in speed and force of contraction, increasing cardiac output

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34
Q

What does this do?

A

Results in more blood being pumped to working muscles, receiving more O2 for energy

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35
Q

What is Stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood pumped out by ventricles in each contraction.
70ml

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36
Q

What des SV depend on?

A

Venous Return
Elasticity of caddice fibres
The Contractility of cardiac tissues

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37
Q

What is Venous Return?

A

Volume of blood returning to the heart via the veins.
If VR Increases, SV Increases (more blood goes in heart more blood will leave)

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38
Q

What is the Elasticity of Cardiac Fibres?

A

Degree of stretch of cardiac fibres during diastole phase of cardiac cycle.
More the cardiac fibres stretch, the greater force of contraction
Greater force contraction increases ejection fraction

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39
Q

What is Ejection Fraction?

A

Percentage of blood pumped out by left ventricle per beat

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40
Q

What is Starlings Law?

A

Increased VR leads to Greater Diastolic Filling of the Heart leads to Cardiac Muscle being Stretched leads to More Forceful Contraction leads to Injection Fraction.

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41
Q

What is Myocardium?

A

Greater contractility of cardiac tissue = the greater force of contraction
Results in increase in SV

42
Q

What us Heart Rate?

A

Number of times the heart beats per minute.

43
Q

What is Cardiac Output?

A

Volume of blood pumped out by ventricles per minute.

44
Q

What is the equation?

A

Cardiac Output = SV X HR

45
Q

What is HR Response to Exercise?

A

HR increase in direct proportion to exercise intensity.

46
Q

What is a Trained Performers response to exercise?

A

Greater HR range due to their resting HR is lower and maximum HR increase.

47
Q

What happens at point A,B,C,E,F during Maximal Exercise?

A

A: Anticipatory rise due to adrenaline, causes SAN to Increase HR
B: Sharp rise in HR due to anaerobic work
C: HR rise due to maximal workloads stressing anaerobic systems
E: Rapid decline in HR when exercise stops
F: Slow recovery, body system return to resting levels. HR remains elevated to get rid of waste products, lactic acid.

48
Q

What happens at point A,B,D,E,F during Submaximal Exercise?

A

D: Steady state as athlete is able to meet O2 demand with O2 supply.

49
Q

What is Cardiac Hypertrophy?

A

When the cardiac muscle becomes bigger and stronger

50
Q

What is Bradycardia?

A

Decrease in resting HR.
O2 delivery to muscles improves as less O2 needed for heart

51
Q

What is Cardiac Output response to exercise?

A

Large increase of cardiac output due to increase in HR and increase on HR & SV
CO increase as exercise intensity increases

52
Q

What happen to Cardiac Output at rest?

A

For untrained and trained performer CO stays the same

53
Q

What happens to Cardiac Output during Exercise?

A

Trained performer: Able to transport more blood & O2 to working muscles.

54
Q

What happens blood during exercise?

A

Higher proportion of blood passes to working muscles and less passes to organs as its less in demand there.

55
Q

What happens to Stroke Volume in response to Exercise?

A

SV increases as exercise intensity increases

56
Q

Impact of physical activity on health

A
57
Q

What is Heart Disease?

A

Occurs when coronary arteries start to narrow by a gradual build of fatty deposits.
As coronary artery narrow they are unable to deliver enough o2 to hear causing pain and discomfort - Angina

58
Q

What can cause Heart Disease?

A

Lack of exercise, smoking, high cholesterol levels

59
Q

What is High blood pressure?

A

Puts extra strain on there arteries and heart
Increases the chance of a heart attack, stroke pr heart disease

60
Q

How can exercise decrease the risk of High BP?

A

Lowers systolic and diastolic pressure

61
Q

What is LDL cholesterol?

A

Transport cholesterol in blood to transport to tissues
‘Bad cholesterol’
Heart disease

62
Q

What is HDL cholesterol?

A

Transport excess cholesterol in blood back to liver, where its broken down
‘Good cholesterol’
Decrease chance of Heart Disease

63
Q

What is a Stroke?

A

Occurs when blood supply to part of the brain is cut off causing damage to brain cells

64
Q

What is a Ischaemic Stroke?

A

Occur when a blood clot stops blood supply

65
Q

What is Haemorrhagic Stroke?

A

When weakened blood vessel supplying brain bursts

66
Q

Cardiovascular drift

A
67
Q

What is cardiovascular drift?

A

Progressive decrease in SV and arterial BP

68
Q

When does Cardiovascular drift occur?

A

During prolonged exercise in a warm environment

69
Q

What happens during Cardiovascular drift?

A

When we sweat, proportion of lost fluid volume comes from plasma.
Decrease in plasma reduces VR & SV
HR increases to compensate & maintain high Cardiac Output to create energy to cool the body down

70
Q

How can you minimise Cardiovascular drift?

A

Maintain high fluid consumption before and during exercise

71
Q

What is the Vascular System?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood through the body

72
Q

What is Pulmonary Circulation?

A

Deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
Oxygenated blood back to heart

73
Q

What is Systemic Circulation?

A

Oxygenated blood to the body from heart
Deoxygenated blood atom body to heart

74
Q

What are the Blood vessels in the Vascular System?

A

Heart, Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins, Heart

75
Q

What is Blood pressure?

A

The force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel wall
Blood flow x Resistance

76
Q

Venous Return

A
77
Q

What is Venous Return?

A

Return of blood to the Right side of the heart via the Vena Cava

78
Q

What happens to Venous return during exercise?

A

Amount of blood returning to heart increases

79
Q

Why does Stroke Volume increase during VR?

A

As more blood is being pumped back to the heart more blood has to be pumped out

80
Q

What is the skeletal muscle pump?

A

Muscles change shape as they contract and relax, the change in shape presses on veins causing pumping and squeezing of blood back to the heart

81
Q

What is the Respiratory pump?

A

Muscles contract and relax during breathing
pressure changes occur in chest and stomach
Changes in pressure compress vaeina dn assist blood return to the heart

82
Q

What are Pocket Valves?

A

Prevent back flow

83
Q

What factors affect Venous Return?

A

Thin layer of smooth muscle in the walls of veins, helps squeeze blood back to heart.
Gravity helps blood return to heart from upper body.
Suction pump action of the heart

84
Q

Why is Venous return important for exercise?

A

To meet demands of the exercise.
Demand of oxygen in higher and heart is beating faster.

85
Q

What is the Impact of Blood pressure on Venous return?

A

systolic pressure increases, increase of in venous return
VIce versa

86
Q

What is the pressure Gradient?

A

Venous pressure - right atrial pressure / venous vascular resistance

87
Q

What causes an Increase in Venous return?

A

Increase Venous Pressure
Decrease in Right Atrial Pressure
Decrease in Venous Resistance

88
Q

What causes a Decrease in Venous Return?

A

Increase in Atrial Pressure

89
Q

What happens to the transportation of Oxygen during exercise?

A

When O2 diffuses into capillaries, 3% dissolves into plasma and 97% combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin.
When fully saturated, haemoglobin will carry 4 O2 molecules
Occurs when PP of O2 in blood is high

90
Q

What happens at the tissues during the transportation of O2?

A

O2 is released from oxyhemoglobin due to low pressure of O2 - oxyhaemogolbin dissociation

91
Q

What happens at the muscles during the transportation of O2?

A

O2 stored by Myoglobin
Higher affinity for O2 and will store more O2 for the mitochondria until used

92
Q

Redistribution of blood

A
93
Q

What is vascular shunting?

A

Redirecting blood to areas where it is most needed

94
Q

Control of blood flow

A
95
Q

What happens to blood flow during exercise?

A

Chemical changes detected by chemoreceptors.
Receptors stimulate vasomotor which will redistribute blood through vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
O2 needed at working muscles, vasodilation will occur in arterials supplying muscles, increasing blood flow & bringing O2
Vasoconstriction occur in arterioles supplying non-essential organs

96
Q

What are pre-capillary sphincters?

A

Tiny rings of muscle at the opening of capillaries
When they contract, blood flow is restricted and when they are relaxed blood flow increases

97
Q

What do pre-capillary sphincters do during exercise?

A

Capillary networks supplying muscles will have related pre-capillary sphincters to increase blood flow and saturate tissues with O2

98
Q

Why is redistribution of blood important?

A

Increase O2 supply to working muscles
Remove waste products from muscles
Ensure blood goes to skin during exercise to regulate body temp
Direct more blood to the heart

99
Q

Aterio-venous difference

A
100
Q

What is Aterio-venous difference?

A

difference between O2 of atrial blood driving to muscles and and venous blood leaving muscles

101
Q

What happens to Aterio-venous difference during rest?

A

Aterio-venous difference is low as not much O2 is required by the muscles

102
Q

What happens to Aterio-venous difference during exercise?

A

More O2 is needed from blood for the muscles so Aterio-venous difference is high

PE (6 decks)

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