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Infection and Immunity > 11) Blood Borne Viruses > Flashcards

11) Blood Borne Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What are some signs of HIV?

A

Oral candidiasis - white sores
Kaposi’s sarcoma - red blotches on skin
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) - interstitial markings on lung

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2
Q

Globally, who is HIV more common in?

A

Women

Heterosexuals

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3
Q

What cells does HIV infect?

A

CD4+ T cells

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4
Q

What type of virus is HIV?

A

Retrovirus

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5
Q

What enzymes does HIV use in its pathogenesis?

A

Reverse transcriptase - RNA to DNA

Intergrase - Incorporate its DNA into cell DNA

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6
Q

Describe the pathogenesis on HIV:

A

Binds to CD4 receptor and empties contents into cell
Reverse transcriptase and intergrase allowing transcription
Assembly of viral proteins
Budding of virus out of cell
Maturation - protease cuts protein chains to make working virus

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7
Q

Describe HIV’s effect on CD4+ numbers:

A

Acute infection causes reduction in CD4+
Then, goes latent as CD4+ recovers
Viral load rises again and severe infection/AIDS at CD4+ < 200

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8
Q

What are some symptoms of HIV?

A

Fever, rash, vomiting, weight loss, mouth sores, hepatosplenomegaly

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9
Q

What happens as CD4+ count falls?

A

Number of infections can occur, getting worse as CD4+ count falls further

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10
Q

Give some examples of infections that can occur at low CD4+ counts:

A

TB, PCP, toxoplasmosis, CMV and lymphoma

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11
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Sexual contact
Sharing injecting equipment
Vertical transmission
Medical procedures

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12
Q

What factors affect HIV transmission?

A 
Type of exposure
Viral load
Other STIs 
Condom use 
Breaks in skin
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13
Q

How does HIV affect life expectancy?

A

No effect if detected and treated early

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14
Q

What diagnostic tests can be used if HIV is suspected?

A

Antigen-antibody test

Rapid test - finger prick or saliva (false positive)

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15
Q

Who is tested for HIV?

A

If rate is > 2/1000, everyone

If have serious infection/condition

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16
Q

What is the treatment for HIV?

A

3 antivirals:

2 nucleotide RT inhibitors plus 1 of: NNRTI, protease inhibitor, intergrase inhibitor or CCR5 inhibitor

17
Q

Why are 3 antivirals used?

A

Stops virus developing resistance

18
Q

What type of virus is Hep B?

A

Double stranded DNA with RT

19
Q

How is Hep B transmitted?

A

Vertical transmission
IV drug use
Sex
Needlestick injuries

20
Q

What are the symptoms of Hep B infection?

A

Jaundice, fatigue, anorexia and abdominal pain

21
Q

What is the incubation period for Hep B?

A

6 weeks - 6 months

22
Q

Describe the serology of Hep B (antigen and antibody appearance):

A
  1. Surface antigen first
  2. Followed by e-antigen - Highly infectious
  3. Core antibody (IgM)
  4. Followed by e-antibody - disappearance of e-antigen + infectivity
  5. Surface antibody - clearance of virus
  6. Core antibody (IgG) - Persists for life
23
Q

How is chronic Hep B defined?

A

Persistence of surface antigen (HBsAg) after 6 months

24
Q

What can chronic Hep B infection lead to?

A

25% - liver cirrhosis

5% - hepatocellular carcinoma

25
Q

What is the treatment for Hep B?

A

No cure

Life-long antivirals to suppress replication (not required for everyone)

26
Q

What vaccination can be used in Hep B?

A

Genetically engineered surface antigen, 3 doses

Produces surface antibody response

27
Q

What type of virus is Hep C?

A

RNA enveloped virus

28
Q

How is Hep C transmitted?

A

IV drug use (90%)

Vertical transmission, sexual and needlestick

29
Q

What is the main outcome of Hep C infection?

A

Chronic infection

30
Q

What is the cure for Hep C?

A

8-12 weeks of antiviral drug combo

31
Q

What is the main outcome of an untreated Hep B infection?

A

Cure (majority)

Chronic infection

32
Q

How can Hep C be prevented?

A

Risk avoidance

Infection and Immunity (3 decks)

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