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AS-level Biology Unit 1 > 1.1- Biological Compounds > Flashcards

1.1- Biological Compounds Flashcards

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1
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

molecules that have a high proportion of carbon and hydrogen atoms

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2
Q

What are inorganic molecules?

A

a molecule or ion that has no more than one carbon atom

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3
Q

What is an example of an organic compound?

A

Glucose C6 H12 O6

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4
Q

What are examples of inorganic molecules?

A

carbon dioxide CO2
water H2O

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5
Q

What are micronutrients? Give examples

A

minerals needed in minute concentrations
e.g. copper, zinc

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6
Q

What are macronutrients? Give examples

A

minerals that are needed in small concentrations
e.g. magnesium, iron

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7
Q

What are the main macronutrients?

A

magnesium
iron
nitrate
phosphate
calcium

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8
Q

What is the biological role of magnesium?

A

constituent of chlorophyll and therefore essential for photosynthesis

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9
Q

What is the biological role of iron?

A

constituent of haemoglobin, which transports oxygen in red blood cells

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10
Q

What is the biological role of nitrate?

A

needed for making nucleotides, including ATP, DNA, RNA
also needed for amino acids formation

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11
Q

What is the biological role of phosphate?

A

used for making nucleotides
a constituent of phospholipids found in biological membranes
it hardens bones

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12
Q

What is the biological role of calcium?

A

Hardens bones and teeth
component of plant cell walls

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13
Q

What is the ionic symbol of phosphate?

A

PO4 (3-)

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14
Q

Why is water a polar molecule?

A

because of the uneven distribution of charge- the oxygen end has a partial negative side, whereas the hydrogen end has a partial positive side

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15
Q

What does dipole mean?

A

a polar molecule which has a positive and negative charge which is separated by a very small distance

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16
Q

What type of bond is attracting water molecules together?

A

hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

What are hydrogen bonds

A

the force of attraction between a hydrogen atom- partially positive charge
and an oxygen atom- partially negative side
Individually hydrogen bonds are weak and can be easily broken
but together, it requires a lot of energy to break

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18
Q

What are the properties of water?

A

solvent
high specific heat capacity
cohesion
surface tension
high latent heat of vaporisation
density

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19
Q

How is water a solvent?

A

substances can dissolve in it because it is charged due to the positive and negative parts of the molecule

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20
Q

What is high specific heat capacity?

A

large amounts of energy is needed to raise the temperature of water

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21
Q

What is high latent heat of vaporisation?

A

due to cohesion between the water molecules, large amounts of energy is needed to change water from a liquid to a vapour state

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22
Q

What is surface tension?

A

cohesions taking place between the junction of water and air
it allows the surface of water to act like a habitat

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23
Q

What is cohesion?

A

the attraction between water molecules due to the hydrogen bonds which allows water to be transported
(xylem vessels)

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24
Q

What is density of water?

A

water has a maximum density at 4 degrees
ice is less dense than water because when water freezes it expands making the hydrogen bonds further away from each other

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25
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

organic compounds which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms

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26
Q

What are sugars?

A

they can dissolve in water to form a sweet solution

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27
Q

What is the general formula for monosaccharides?

A

(CH2O)n

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28
Q

What is the function of a triose? (3 carbon atoms)

A

important in metabolism
intermediates in respiration and photosynthesis

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29
Q

What is a pentose? (5 carbon atoms)

A

constituents of nucleotides
e.g deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA, ATP, ADP

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30
Q

What is a hexose? (6 carbon atoms)

A

Glucose
main source of energy in respiration
carbon bonds are broken to release energy, which is transferred to make ATP

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31
Q

What are isomers?

A

compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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32
Q

What are glucose’s isomers?

A

alpha glucose
beta glucose

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33
Q

What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

in alpha glucose the hydroxyl group on carbon 1 (OH) lies below the plane of the ring
whereas in beta glucose the hydroxyl group lies above the plane of the ring

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34
Q

How do you detect a reducing sugar?

A

Benedict’s and heat test
blue- brick red

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35
Q

How do you detect a non-reducing sugar?

A

it must be hydrolysed by boiling in dilute hydrochloric acid
the acid must be neutralised with dilute sodium hydroxide before testing with Benedict’s reagent

36
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

two monosaccharides formed together by glycosidic bonds

37
Q

How is maltose formed?

A

2 glucose molecules

38
Q

How is sucrose formed?

A

glucose and fructose

39
Q

How is lactose formed?

A

glucose and galactose

40
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

a type of reaction that joins two molecules together with the formation of a glycosidic bond involving the elimination of water

41
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

polymers consisting of many monosaccharides joined together in a long chain

42
Q

What are known as storage polysaccharides?

A

starch
glycogen

43
Q

What are known as structural polysaccharides?

A

cellulose
chitin

44
Q

What is starch?

A

Starch stores energy in plants in the form of glucose
made up of alpha glucose molecules, added one at a time by a condensation reaction

45
Q

What are the two types of starch polysaccharides?

A

amylose
amylopectin

46
Q

What is amylose?

A

polysaccharide component of starch
it is a long unbranched chained of glucose molecules joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds
due to this, it is coiled forming hydrogen bonds between the glucose molecules

47
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

polysaccharide component of starch
branched​ and is made up of glucose molecules joined by ​1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
due to the presence of many ​side branches​ ​it is ​rapidly digested by enzymes​ ​therefore energy is released quickly

48
Q

How do you test for starch?

A

iodine
brown- blue/black

49
Q

What is glycogen?

A

main energy storage molecule in animals
formed from many molecules of ​alpha glucose ​joined together by ​1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

50
Q

What is the difference between glycogen and amylopectin?

A

glycogen has shorter 1-4 glycosidic bonds
and has more 1-6 branch points
compared to amylopectin
makes glycogen very compact

51
Q

What is cellulose?

A

found in cell walls of plants
composed of long, unbranched chains of ​beta glucose ​which are joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds
each alternate beta glucose molecule is rotated 180*
allowing hydrogen bonds to form between adjacent cellulose molecules

52
Q

Chitin

A

found in the exoskeleton of arthropods
long chains of beta glucose linked by 1-4 glycosidic bonds
attached with a acetyl group
the cross linked parallel chains form microfibrils
strong, waterproof, lightweight

53
Q

What are lipids?

A

biological molecules which are only soluble in ​organic solvents​ ​such as alcohols
(insoluble in water)
non-polar molecule

54
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

lipids made of one molecule of glycerol​ ​and ​three fatty acids ​joined by ester bonds formed in ​condensation reactions

55
Q

What are saturated lipids?

A

no double bonds between neighbouring carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon tail

56
Q

What are unsaturated lipids?

A

have at least 1 double bond between neighbouring carbon atoms

57
Q

How do you test for lipids?

A

shake the sample with ethanol then add water
positive result clear-cloudy

58
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

stores energy
source of metabolic water
fat as a bouncy aid
waterproof
insulation, protection

59
Q

Can saturated fatty acids form a solid?

A

yes

60
Q

Can un-saturated fatty acids form a solid?

A

no, form liquid oils

61
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

lipids and proteins combine together to make lipoproteins
it carries cholesterol and triglycerides to cells in the body

62
Q

What is LDL?

A

high in saturated fats build up low-density lipoproteins
it is unhealthy so known as bad cholesterol

63
Q

What is HDL?

A

high in unsaturated fats builds up high density lipoproteins
it is protective so known as good cholesterol

64
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

made of one glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group
the phosphate head gives the molecule an uneven distribution of charge which makes the molecule polar

65
Q

Are phospholipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

both- phospholipid bilayer
when the molecule is placed in water
it will arrange itself into a double layer
the phosphate head is hydrophilic so points outwards
the hydrocarbon tail is hydrophobic so points inwards
the phospholipid bilayer forms the basis of all cell membranes

66
Q

What are proteins?

A

as well as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, it contains nitrogen and sometimes sulfur and phosphorus
polymers made of monomers called amino acids

67
Q

What is a chain of amino acids called?

A

polypeptide

68
Q

What is the basic structure of an amino acid?

A

attached to a central carbon atom there are:
an amino group
a carboxyl group
a hydrogen atom
r-group

69
Q

What is a r-group?

A

a side chain attached to the central carbon which varies for every amino acid, changing the properties of each amino acid

70
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

cannot be synthesised by our bodies, must be provided by our diet

71
Q

What are non-essential amino acids?

A

can be synthesised by our bodies

72
Q

How is a peptide bond formed?

A

the amino group of 1 amino acid reacts with the carboxyl group of another by a condensation reaction, the water is eliminated and a peptide bond is formed

73
Q

What are the levels of protein structure?

A

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

74
Q

What is the primary structure in a protein?

A

the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
it’s determined by DNA, one gene codes for one polypeptide
bond between each amino acid is a peptide bond

75
Q

What is the secondary structure in a protein?

A

it’s the shape that the polypeptide chain forms due to hydrogen bonding
hydrogen bonds twist and fold the polypeptide forming an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
e.g collagen

76
Q

What is the tertiary structure in a protein?

A

the alpha helix of a secondary protein structure is further folded and twisted to give a more complex, compact 3D structure
the shape is maintained by disulphide, ionic, covalent, hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds
e.g enzymes

77
Q

What is the quaternary structure in a protein?

A

2 or more polypeptide chains in tertiary form
associated with non-protein groups and form large complex molecules like haemoglobin

78
Q

What can proteins be classified as?

A

globular
fibrous

79
Q

What are globular proteins?

A

have functions such as enzymes, antibodies, hormones
made of different polypeptide group and are compact and folded into 3D spherical molecules
soluble in water

80
Q

What are fibrous proteins?

A

perform structural functions
consist of polypeptides in parallel chains with numerous cross linkages to form long fibres
insoluble in water, strong and tough

81
Q

What is an examples of fibrous protein?

A

collagen

82
Q

What is the structure of collagen?

A

3 polypeptide chains which are wound together to form 3 alpha helices by hydrogen bonds

83
Q

What is the function of collagen?

A

gives support and strengthens connective tissue like tendons

84
Q

Why are triglycerides not considered as polymers?

A

because glycerol and fatty acids have different structures

85
Q

What is the difference between collagen and haemoglobin?

A

c= fibrous protein / h= globular protein
c= 3 polypeptide chains / h= 4 polypeptide chains
c= 3 polypeptide chains the same / h= 2 different types of polypeptide chains
c= secondary protein structure / h= quaternary protein structure

86
Q

What is meant by the phrase ‘arranged in the same way as the chains in cellulose’?

A

hydroxyl groups point outwards
link with neighbouring chains via hydrogen bonding to form microfibrils

87
Q

Give one function of the carbohydrate chains on the glycoprotein?

A

cell recognition

AS-level Biology Unit 1 (6 decks)

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