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AS-level Biology Unit 1 > 1.1- Biological Compounds > Flashcards

1.1- Biological Compounds Flashcards

1
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

molecules that have a high proportion of carbon and hydrogen atoms

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2
Q

What are inorganic molecules?

A

a molecule or ion that has no more than one carbon atom

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3
Q

What is an example of an organic compound?

A

Glucose C6 H12 O6

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4
Q

What are examples of inorganic molecules?

A

carbon dioxide CO2
water H2O

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5
Q

What are micronutrients? Give examples

A

minerals needed in minute concentrations
e.g. copper, zinc

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6
Q

What are macronutrients? Give examples

A

minerals that are needed in small concentrations
e.g. magnesium, iron

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7
Q

What are the main macronutrients?

A

magnesium
iron
nitrate
phosphate
calcium

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8
Q

What is the biological role of magnesium?

A

constituent of chlorophyll and therefore essential for photosynthesis

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9
Q

What is the biological role of iron?

A

constituent of haemoglobin, which transports oxygen in red blood cells

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10
Q

What is the biological role of nitrate?

A

needed for making nucleotides, including ATP, DNA, RNA
also needed for amino acids formation

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11
Q

What is the biological role of phosphate?

A

used for making nucleotides
a constituent of phospholipids found in biological membranes
it hardens bones

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12
Q

What is the biological role of calcium?

A

Hardens bones and teeth
component of plant cell walls

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13
Q

What is the ionic symbol of phosphate?

A

PO4 (3-)

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14
Q

Why is water a polar molecule?

A

because of the uneven distribution of charge- the oxygen end has a partial negative side, whereas the hydrogen end has a partial positive side

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15
Q

What does dipole mean?

A

a polar molecule which has a positive and negative charge which is separated by a very small distance

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16
Q

What type of bond is attracting water molecules together?

A

hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

What are hydrogen bonds

A

the force of attraction between a hydrogen atom- partially positive charge
and an oxygen atom- partially negative side
Individually hydrogen bonds are weak and can be easily broken
but together, it requires a lot of energy to break

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18
Q

What are the properties of water?

A

solvent
high specific heat capacity
cohesion
surface tension
high latent heat of vaporisation
density

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19
Q

How is water a solvent?

A

substances can dissolve in it because it is charged due to the positive and negative parts of the molecule

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20
Q

What is high specific heat capacity?

A

large amounts of energy is needed to raise the temperature of water

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21
Q

What is high latent heat of vaporisation?

A

due to cohesion between the water molecules, large amounts of energy is needed to change water from a liquid to a vapour state

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22
Q

What is surface tension?

A

cohesions taking place between the junction of water and air
it allows the surface of water to act like a habitat

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23
Q

What is cohesion?

A

the attraction between water molecules due to the hydrogen bonds which allows water to be transported
(xylem vessels)

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24
Q

What is density of water?

A

water has a maximum density at 4 degrees
ice is less dense than water because when water freezes it expands making the hydrogen bonds further away from each other

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25
What are carbohydrates?
organic compounds which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms
26
What are sugars?
they can dissolve in water to form a sweet solution
27
What is the general formula for monosaccharides?
(CH2O)n
28
What is the function of a triose? (3 carbon atoms)
important in metabolism intermediates in respiration and photosynthesis
29
What is a pentose? (5 carbon atoms)
constituents of nucleotides e.g deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA, ATP, ADP
30
What is a hexose? (6 carbon atoms)
Glucose main source of energy in respiration carbon bonds are broken to release energy, which is transferred to make ATP
31
What are isomers?
compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula
32
What are glucose's isomers?
alpha glucose beta glucose
33
What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?
in alpha glucose the hydroxyl group on carbon 1 (OH) lies below the plane of the ring whereas in beta glucose the hydroxyl group lies above the plane of the ring
34
How do you detect a reducing sugar?
Benedict's and heat test blue- brick red
35
How do you detect a non-reducing sugar?
it must be hydrolysed by boiling in dilute hydrochloric acid the acid must be neutralised with dilute sodium hydroxide before testing with Benedict's reagent
36
What are disaccharides?
two monosaccharides formed together by glycosidic bonds
37
How is maltose formed?
2 glucose molecules
38
How is sucrose formed?
glucose and fructose
39
How is lactose formed?
glucose and galactose
40
What is a condensation reaction?
a type of reaction that joins two molecules together with the formation of a glycosidic bond involving the elimination of water
41
What are polysaccharides?
polymers consisting of many monosaccharides joined together in a long chain
42
What are known as storage polysaccharides?
starch glycogen
43
What are known as structural polysaccharides?
cellulose chitin
44
What is starch?
Starch stores energy in plants in the form of glucose made up of alpha glucose molecules, added one at a time by a condensation reaction
45
What are the two types of starch polysaccharides?
amylose amylopectin
46
What is amylose?
polysaccharide component of starch it is a long unbranched chained of glucose molecules joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds due to this, it is coiled forming hydrogen bonds between the glucose molecules
47
What is amylopectin?
polysaccharide component of starch branched​ and is made up of glucose molecules joined by ​1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds due to the presence of many ​side branches​ ​it is ​rapidly digested by enzymes​ ​therefore energy is released quickly
48
How do you test for starch?
iodine brown- blue/black
49
What is glycogen?
main energy storage molecule in animals formed from many molecules of ​alpha glucose ​joined together by ​1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
50
What is the difference between glycogen and amylopectin?
glycogen has shorter 1-4 glycosidic bonds and has more 1-6 branch points compared to amylopectin makes glycogen very compact
51
What is cellulose?
found in cell walls of plants composed of long, unbranched chains of ​beta glucose ​which are joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds each alternate beta glucose molecule is rotated 180* allowing hydrogen bonds to form between adjacent cellulose molecules
52
Chitin
found in the exoskeleton of arthropods long chains of beta glucose linked by 1-4 glycosidic bonds attached with a acetyl group the cross linked parallel chains form microfibrils strong, waterproof, lightweight
53
What are lipids?
biological molecules which are only soluble in ​organic solvents​ ​such as alcohols (insoluble in water) non-polar molecule
54
What are triglycerides?
lipids made of one molecule of glycerol​ ​and ​three fatty acids ​joined by ester bonds formed in ​condensation reactions
55
What are saturated lipids?
no double bonds between neighbouring carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon tail
56
What are unsaturated lipids?
have at least 1 double bond between neighbouring carbon atoms
57
How do you test for lipids?
shake the sample with ethanol then add water positive result clear-cloudy
58
What are the functions of lipids?
stores energy source of metabolic water fat as a bouncy aid waterproof insulation, protection
59
Can saturated fatty acids form a solid?
yes
60
Can un-saturated fatty acids form a solid?
no, form liquid oils
61
What are lipoproteins?
lipids and proteins combine together to make lipoproteins it carries cholesterol and triglycerides to cells in the body
62
What is LDL?
high in saturated fats build up low-density lipoproteins it is unhealthy so known as bad cholesterol
63
What is HDL?
high in unsaturated fats builds up high density lipoproteins it is protective so known as good cholesterol
64
What are phospholipids?
made of one glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group the phosphate head gives the molecule an uneven distribution of charge which makes the molecule polar
65
Are phospholipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
both- phospholipid bilayer when the molecule is placed in water it will arrange itself into a double layer the phosphate head is hydrophilic so points outwards the hydrocarbon tail is hydrophobic so points inwards the phospholipid bilayer forms the basis of all cell membranes
66
What are proteins?
as well as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, it contains nitrogen and sometimes sulfur and phosphorus polymers made of monomers called amino acids
67
What is a chain of amino acids called?
polypeptide
68
What is the basic structure of an amino acid?
attached to a central carbon atom there are: an amino group a carboxyl group a hydrogen atom r-group
69
What is a r-group?
a side chain attached to the central carbon which varies for every amino acid, changing the properties of each amino acid
70
What are essential amino acids?
cannot be synthesised by our bodies, must be provided by our diet
71
What are non-essential amino acids?
can be synthesised by our bodies
72
How is a peptide bond formed?
the amino group of 1 amino acid reacts with the carboxyl group of another by a condensation reaction, the water is eliminated and a peptide bond is formed
73
What are the levels of protein structure?
primary secondary tertiary quaternary
74
What is the primary structure in a protein?
the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain it's determined by DNA, one gene codes for one polypeptide bond between each amino acid is a peptide bond
75
What is the secondary structure in a protein?
it's the shape that the polypeptide chain forms due to hydrogen bonding hydrogen bonds twist and fold the polypeptide forming an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet e.g collagen
76
What is the tertiary structure in a protein?
the alpha helix of a secondary protein structure is further folded and twisted to give a more complex, compact 3D structure the shape is maintained by disulphide, ionic, covalent, hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds e.g enzymes
77
What is the quaternary structure in a protein?
2 or more polypeptide chains in tertiary form associated with non-protein groups and form large complex molecules like haemoglobin
78
What can proteins be classified as?
globular fibrous
79
What are globular proteins?
have functions such as enzymes, antibodies, hormones made of different polypeptide group and are compact and folded into 3D spherical molecules soluble in water
80
What are fibrous proteins?
perform structural functions consist of polypeptides in parallel chains with numerous cross linkages to form long fibres insoluble in water, strong and tough
81
What is an examples of fibrous protein?
collagen
82
What is the structure of collagen?
3 polypeptide chains which are wound together to form 3 alpha helices by hydrogen bonds
83
What is the function of collagen?
gives support and strengthens connective tissue like tendons
84
Why are triglycerides not considered as polymers?
because glycerol and fatty acids have different structures
85
What is the difference between collagen and haemoglobin?
c= fibrous protein / h= globular protein c= 3 polypeptide chains / h= 4 polypeptide chains c= 3 polypeptide chains the same / h= 2 different types of polypeptide chains c= secondary protein structure / h= quaternary protein structure
86
What is meant by the phrase 'arranged in the same way as the chains in cellulose'?
hydroxyl groups point outwards link with neighbouring chains via hydrogen bonding to form microfibrils
87
Give one function of the carbohydrate chains on the glycoprotein?
cell recognition

AS-level Biology Unit 1 (6 decks)

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