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MSK > 1.1 Basic Concepts > Flashcards

1.1 Basic Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six main functions of bone?

A 
Support 
Protection
Metabolic 
Storage
Movement (i.e. joints)
Haematopoiesis

Makes Sam Squat Her Personal Max

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2
Q

What substances are stored within bone?

A 
Calcium
Phosphate
Protein (collagen)
Fat (in bone marrow)
Growth factors
Cytokines (Insulin like growth factors)
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3
Q

Where does haematopoiesis occur?

A

In foetal life within the liver
In childhood it occurs in long bones such as the tibia and fibula
In adulthood it occurs within the pelvis, skull, vertebrae and sternum.

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4
Q

Describe how skeletal muscle varies from cardiac and smooth muscle.

A

Striated muscle (smooth isnt)
Myoglobin present
Voluntary (cardiac/smooth isnt)
Direct nerve muscle communication

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5
Q

What are the 6 main functions of skeletal muscle?

A
  • Locomotion (contraction of skeletal muscles across a joint
  • posture
  • metabolic (store glycogen)
  • venous return
  • heat production/thermogenesis
  • continence
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6
Q

What are the 5 main types of connective tissue?

A 
Tendons
Ligaments
Synovial membrane
Fascia
Cartilage
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7
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A

Tendons connect muscle to bone, allowing force transmission form the muscle to the bone. Very strong and little stretch due to high collagen and low elastin levels

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8
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

Connect bone to bone. Supports joints and stops an excessive range of movement.

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9
Q

What is the function of fascia?

A

Fascia are sheets of connective tissue that compartmentalise groups of muscles and divide body parts. Can be tough (fascia lata) and provide some protection to underlying structures

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10
Q

What are the 3 main forms of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage

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11
Q

Describe the structure of hyaline cartilage

A

Matrix contains type II collagen. The hyaluronate proteoglycan aggregates are bound to the fine collagen matrix fibres – dense tissue often containing fluid.

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12
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

A

Smooth and help create an almost frictionless motion at the joint.

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13
Q

Where can hyaline cartilage be found?

A

Forms epiphyseal growth plates and found at the articular ends of bones. Forms the costal cartilages, cartilage of the nose, trachea and bronchi.

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14
Q

Describe the structure of elastic cartilage

A

Matrix contains many elastic fibres and elastic lamellae (layers) – tough but flexible tissue.

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15
Q

Where can elastic cartilage be found?

A

External ear
Epiglottis
Eustachian tube

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16
Q

Describe the structure of fibrocartilage

A

Matrix contains lots of type I collagen fibres
No surrounding perichondrium
Chondrocytes and fibroblasts

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17
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

A

Shock absorption
Increasing bony congruity
Resist shearing forces

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18
Q

Where can fibrocartilage be found?

A

menisci of the knee
Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis

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19
Q

What is the function of synovial membrane?

A

Produces synovial fluid which lubricates the joints and tendons

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20
Q

Where can synovial membranes be found?

A

Within joints, bursae and tendon sheaths

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21
Q

What are bursae?

A

Synovial fluid-filled sacs to protect

tendons, ligaments etc from friction

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22
Q

What are the cellular and non-cellular components of bone?

A

Cellular components
- osteocytes
-osteoblasts
-osteoclasts
- also fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and adipocytes
Non-cellular components (extracellular matrix
- calcified by CaPO4 (hydroxyapatite)
- fibres (mainly collagen, little elastin)
- ground substance (H2O and glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycan)

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23
Q

What 2 major components give bone its mechanical properties?

A

Calcium phosphate/hydroxyapatite = great compressive strength
Collagen = great tensile strength

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24
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

Synthesise and deposit osteoid, the matrix protein of bone. Then deposit calcium phosphate into the osteoid to make bone.

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25
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

Resorption. Secrete acidic chemicals to dissolve cortical bone. Absorbs minerals (calcium and phosphate) and releases them into the extracellular fluid where they enter the blood

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26
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Osteoblasts that have became trapped within the bone matrix between lacunae.

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27
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A

To communicate to each other via filipodia which extend through the canaliculi of the bone.

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28
Q

What is cortical bone?

A

Dense outer layer of bone

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29
Q

What is cancellous bone?

A

Spongy bone. Interior of the bone, sponge like mesh work structure consisting of trabeculae.

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30
Q

What controls osteoclasts activity?

A

Blood levels of calcium and phosphate

Endocrine control.

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31
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206 bones.

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32
Q

What is the metabolic function of bone?

A

Homeostasis of calcium and phosphate

33
Q

What strength does calcium phosphate give bone?

A

Compressive strength

34
Q

What strength does collagen give bone?

A

Tensile strength

35
Q

What is the structure of cancellous bone?

A

The spongy inner bone is made of trabecular with bone marrow interspersed.

36
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Longitudinal axis of body (head/thorax/abdomen)

37
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of the upper and lower limbs

38
Q

What are the 5 different shapes of bone?

A 
Long 
Flat 
Short
Irregular 
Sesamoid
39
Q

What is the function of long bones?

A

act as rigid levers and are positioned in space by the action of the muscles (femur/tibia)

40
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

The shaft of a long bone

41
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

The wider end of long bones, at the end of the diaphysis next to the growth plate

42
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

The segment of long bone after the growth plate

43
Q

What is endosteum?

A

Connective tissue lining the inner surface of bony tissue forming the medullary cavity of long bones. Resorted in malnutrition

44
Q

How does the bone marrow of long bones change with age?

A 
Childhood = red harrow, active haematopoiesis
Adult = yellow marrow, high fat content, little haematopoiesis
45
Q

How does the nutrient artery enter long bones?

A

Nutrient artery enters bone through nutrient foramen, usually near the middle of the diaphysis

46
Q

What is the function of short bones?

A

Provide stability (carpals/tarsals)

47
Q

What is the function of flat bones?

A

Protect internal organs (skull/thoracic cage)

48
Q

What is the function of irregular bones?

A

Protect internal organs (vertebrae)

49
Q

What is the function of sesamoid bones?

A

Protect tendons from wear and tear (patella)

Act as a fulcrum for a muscle crossing a joint.

50
Q

What are the descriptions used for articulating processes?

A

Head
Condyle
Facet

51
Q

Give examples of non-articulating processes

A 
Epicondyle
Trochanter
Tubercle 
Tuberosity
Crest
Spine
Line
52
Q

What is the purpose of non-articulating processes?

A

Attachment site on bones for muscles and ligaments.

53
Q

What is the function of depressions on bones?

A

Passage for blood vessels and other soft tissues

54
Q

Give examples of depressions

A 
Fovea
Sulcus/groove
Fossa
Cavity
Notch
55
Q

What is the function of openings of a bone?

A

To allow passage of blood vessels and nerves into or through a bone

56
Q

Give examples of types of openings in bones

A

Fissures
Foramen
Canal

57
Q

Describe the blood supply to long bones

A 
Nutrient artery ( cortex and marrow )
Periosteal arteries ( periosteum and outer 1/3 of cortex)
Metaphyseal arteries 
Epiphyseal artery (epiphysis in childhood)
58
Q

How does blood supply to long bones change when epiphysis fuses?

A

Anastomosis occurs between the epiphyseal and metaphyseal arteries

59
Q

What are causes of avascular necrosis?

A 
Fracture
Alcoholism
Excessive steroid use 
Other trauma 
Radiation
Thrombosis 
Hypertension
Decompression sickness
60
Q

What are the 3 different types of joints?

A

Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints

61
Q

What is the function of fibrous joints?

A

High stability

Low mobility

62
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

Joints that use cartilage to unite bones. Usually found in the midline

63
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary cartilaginous joints?

A 
Primary = hyaline cartilage  and completely immobile, (first sternocostal joint) 
Secondary = also known as symphyses. Between articulating bones in the midline. Hyaline cartilage with pad of fibrocartilage between. (Pubic symphysis/intervertebral discs)
64
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

Between articulating surfaces, have a high degree of mobility and acts as shock absorber. Contains synovial fluid.

65
Q

What is the purpose of synovial joints?

A

Permit low friction movement

Act as a shock absorber

66
Q

What is the fibrous capsule of a joint?

A

Collagen sheath that surrounds a joint. Continuous with the periosteum surrounding the surface of adjacent bones

67
Q

What is the function of a fibrous joint?

A

Stabilises the joint
Permits movement
Resists dislocation

68
Q

What is the synovial membrane?

A

a thin highly-vascularised membrane that produces synovial fluid. It lines the joint capsule and covers any exposed osseous surfaces. It also lines tendon sheaths and bursae

69
Q

What are the 6 different types of joints?

A 
plane joints
hinge joints
saddle joints
condyloid (or ellipsoid) joints
pivot joints 
ball and socket joints
70
Q

What is a plane joint?

A

Plane joints occur where two flat surfaces slide against each other
Carpal bones, tarsal bones, facet joints.

71
Q

What are condyloid joints?

A

two elliptical bowls nested together, rotation cannot occur.
The atlanto-occiptal joint at the base of the skull and the radiocarpal joint of the wrists are examples

72
Q

What are saddle joints?

A

two bones that fit together like a rider in a saddle

1st metacarpal joint of the thumb

73
Q

What are hinge joints?

A

allow for stable flexion and extension without sliding or deviation
Movement only takes place in a single anatomical plane. The elbow joint is an example

74
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

Comprised of a peg within a ring-shaped hole. Allow rotational motion without gliding. This type of joint allows for rotation without bending or sideways displacement. The atlanto-axial (joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae) is a pivot synovial joint.

75
Q

What are ball and socket joints?

A

Allow stable movement in several directions without slippage. They are the most mobile type of synovial joint. Permit flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, lateral rotation-medial rotation and circumduction (which is a combination of the movements in the other planes). The hip and shoulder joints are examples of ball-and-socket joints.

76
Q

Other than joint capsules, what other structures are lined with synovial membranes?

A

Bursa

Tendon sheaths

77
Q

What are bursa?

A

small sacs lined by synovial membrane and containing a thin layer of synovial fluid. They can either be communicating or non-communicating with the joint cavity.

78
Q

What are the functions of bursa?

A

Provide a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscles around a joint. This helps to reduce friction between the bones and allows free movement.

79
Q

What are tendon sheaths?

A

elongated bursae that wrap around a tendon and reduce the friction associated with movement of the tendon

MSK (17 decks)

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