Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MSK > 1.1 Basic Concepts > Flashcards

1.1 Basic Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six main functions of bone?

A 
Support 
Protection
Metabolic 
Storage
Movement (i.e. joints)
Haematopoiesis

Makes Sam Squat Her Personal Max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What substances are stored within bone?

A 
Calcium
Phosphate
Protein (collagen)
Fat (in bone marrow)
Growth factors
Cytokines (Insulin like growth factors)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does haematopoiesis occur?

A

In foetal life within the liver
In childhood it occurs in long bones such as the tibia and fibula
In adulthood it occurs within the pelvis, skull, vertebrae and sternum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe how skeletal muscle varies from cardiac and smooth muscle.

A

Striated muscle (smooth isnt)
Myoglobin present
Voluntary (cardiac/smooth isnt)
Direct nerve muscle communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 6 main functions of skeletal muscle?

A
  • Locomotion (contraction of skeletal muscles across a joint
  • posture
  • metabolic (store glycogen)
  • venous return
  • heat production/thermogenesis
  • continence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 5 main types of connective tissue?

A 
Tendons
Ligaments
Synovial membrane
Fascia
Cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A

Tendons connect muscle to bone, allowing force transmission form the muscle to the bone. Very strong and little stretch due to high collagen and low elastin levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

Connect bone to bone. Supports joints and stops an excessive range of movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of fascia?

A

Fascia are sheets of connective tissue that compartmentalise groups of muscles and divide body parts. Can be tough (fascia lata) and provide some protection to underlying structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 main forms of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the structure of hyaline cartilage

A

Matrix contains type II collagen. The hyaluronate proteoglycan aggregates are bound to the fine collagen matrix fibres – dense tissue often containing fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

A

Smooth and help create an almost frictionless motion at the joint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where can hyaline cartilage be found?

A

Forms epiphyseal growth plates and found at the articular ends of bones. Forms the costal cartilages, cartilage of the nose, trachea and bronchi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the structure of elastic cartilage

A

Matrix contains many elastic fibres and elastic lamellae (layers) – tough but flexible tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where can elastic cartilage be found?

A

External ear
Epiglottis
Eustachian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the structure of fibrocartilage

A

Matrix contains lots of type I collagen fibres
No surrounding perichondrium
Chondrocytes and fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

A

Shock absorption
Increasing bony congruity
Resist shearing forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where can fibrocartilage be found?

A

menisci of the knee
Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of synovial membrane?

A

Produces synovial fluid which lubricates the joints and tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where can synovial membranes be found?

A

Within joints, bursae and tendon sheaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are bursae?

A

Synovial fluid-filled sacs to protect

tendons, ligaments etc from friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the cellular and non-cellular components of bone?

A

Cellular components
- osteocytes
-osteoblasts
-osteoclasts
- also fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and adipocytes
Non-cellular components (extracellular matrix
- calcified by CaPO4 (hydroxyapatite)
- fibres (mainly collagen, little elastin)
- ground substance (H2O and glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycan)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What 2 major components give bone its mechanical properties?

A

Calcium phosphate/hydroxyapatite = great compressive strength
Collagen = great tensile strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

Synthesise and deposit osteoid, the matrix protein of bone. Then deposit calcium phosphate into the osteoid to make bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the function of osteoclasts?
Resorption. Secrete acidic chemicals to dissolve cortical bone. Absorbs minerals (calcium and phosphate) and releases them into the extracellular fluid where they enter the blood
26
What are osteocytes?
Osteoblasts that have became trapped within the bone matrix between lacunae.
27
What is the function of osteocytes?
To communicate to each other via filipodia which extend through the canaliculi of the bone.
28
What is cortical bone?
Dense outer layer of bone
29
What is cancellous bone?
Spongy bone. Interior of the bone, sponge like mesh work structure consisting of trabeculae.
30
What controls osteoclasts activity?
Blood levels of calcium and phosphate | Endocrine control.
31
How many bones are in the human body?
206 bones.
32
What is the metabolic function of bone?
Homeostasis of calcium and phosphate
33
What strength does calcium phosphate give bone?
Compressive strength
34
What strength does collagen give bone?
Tensile strength
35
What is the structure of cancellous bone?
The spongy inner bone is made of trabecular with bone marrow interspersed.
36
What is the axial skeleton?
Longitudinal axis of body (head/thorax/abdomen)
37
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the upper and lower limbs
38
What are the 5 different shapes of bone?
``` Long Flat Short Irregular Sesamoid ```
39
What is the function of long bones?
act as rigid levers and are positioned in space by the action of the muscles (femur/tibia)
40
What is the diaphysis?
The shaft of a long bone
41
What is the metaphysis?
The wider end of long bones, at the end of the diaphysis next to the growth plate
42
What is the epiphysis?
The segment of long bone after the growth plate
43
What is endosteum?
Connective tissue lining the inner surface of bony tissue forming the medullary cavity of long bones. Resorted in malnutrition
44
How does the bone marrow of long bones change with age?
``` Childhood = red harrow, active haematopoiesis Adult = yellow marrow, high fat content, little haematopoiesis ```
45
How does the nutrient artery enter long bones?
Nutrient artery enters bone through nutrient foramen, usually near the middle of the diaphysis
46
What is the function of short bones?
Provide stability (carpals/tarsals)
47
What is the function of flat bones?
Protect internal organs (skull/thoracic cage)
48
What is the function of irregular bones?
Protect internal organs (vertebrae)
49
What is the function of sesamoid bones?
Protect tendons from wear and tear (patella) | Act as a fulcrum for a muscle crossing a joint.
50
What are the descriptions used for articulating processes?
Head Condyle Facet
51
Give examples of non-articulating processes
``` Epicondyle Trochanter Tubercle Tuberosity Crest Spine Line ```
52
What is the purpose of non-articulating processes?
Attachment site on bones for muscles and ligaments.
53
What is the function of depressions on bones?
Passage for blood vessels and other soft tissues
54
Give examples of depressions
``` Fovea Sulcus/groove Fossa Cavity Notch ```
55
What is the function of openings of a bone?
To allow passage of blood vessels and nerves into or through a bone
56
Give examples of types of openings in bones
Fissures Foramen Canal
57
Describe the blood supply to long bones
``` Nutrient artery ( cortex and marrow ) Periosteal arteries ( periosteum and outer 1/3 of cortex) Metaphyseal arteries Epiphyseal artery (epiphysis in childhood) ```
58
How does blood supply to long bones change when epiphysis fuses?
Anastomosis occurs between the epiphyseal and metaphyseal arteries
59
What are causes of avascular necrosis?
``` Fracture Alcoholism Excessive steroid use Other trauma Radiation Thrombosis Hypertension Decompression sickness ```
60
What are the 3 different types of joints?
Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints
61
What is the function of fibrous joints?
High stability | Low mobility
62
What are cartilaginous joints?
Joints that use cartilage to unite bones. Usually found in the midline
63
What is the difference between primary and secondary cartilaginous joints?
``` Primary = hyaline cartilage and completely immobile, (first sternocostal joint) Secondary = also known as symphyses. Between articulating bones in the midline. Hyaline cartilage with pad of fibrocartilage between. (Pubic symphysis/intervertebral discs) ```
64
What is a synovial joint?
Between articulating surfaces, have a high degree of mobility and acts as shock absorber. Contains synovial fluid.
65
What is the purpose of synovial joints?
Permit low friction movement | Act as a shock absorber
66
What is the fibrous capsule of a joint?
Collagen sheath that surrounds a joint. Continuous with the periosteum surrounding the surface of adjacent bones
67
What is the function of a fibrous joint?
Stabilises the joint Permits movement Resists dislocation
68
What is the synovial membrane?
a thin highly-vascularised membrane that produces synovial fluid. It lines the joint capsule and covers any exposed osseous surfaces. It also lines tendon sheaths and bursae
69
What are the 6 different types of joints?
``` plane joints hinge joints saddle joints condyloid (or ellipsoid) joints pivot joints ball and socket joints ```
70
What is a plane joint?
Plane joints occur where two flat surfaces slide against each other Carpal bones, tarsal bones, facet joints.
71
What are condyloid joints?
two elliptical bowls nested together, rotation cannot occur. The atlanto-occiptal joint at the base of the skull and the radiocarpal joint of the wrists are examples
72
What are saddle joints?
two bones that fit together like a rider in a saddle | 1st metacarpal joint of the thumb
73
What are hinge joints?
allow for stable flexion and extension without sliding or deviation Movement only takes place in a single anatomical plane. The elbow joint is an example
74
What is a pivot joint?
Comprised of a peg within a ring-shaped hole. Allow rotational motion without gliding. This type of joint allows for rotation without bending or sideways displacement. The atlanto-axial (joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae) is a pivot synovial joint.
75
What are ball and socket joints?
Allow stable movement in several directions without slippage. They are the most mobile type of synovial joint. Permit flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, lateral rotation-medial rotation and circumduction (which is a combination of the movements in the other planes). The hip and shoulder joints are examples of ball-and-socket joints.
76
Other than joint capsules, what other structures are lined with synovial membranes?
Bursa | Tendon sheaths
77
What are bursa?
small sacs lined by synovial membrane and containing a thin layer of synovial fluid. They can either be communicating or non-communicating with the joint cavity.
78
What are the functions of bursa?
Provide a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscles around a joint. This helps to reduce friction between the bones and allows free movement.
79
What are tendon sheaths?
elongated bursae that wrap around a tendon and reduce the friction associated with movement of the tendon

MSK (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions