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Advanced Biology - 1.1 Animal Primary Tissues > 1.1 Animal Primary Tissues > Flashcards

1.1 Animal Primary Tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the types of tissues in multicellular animals?

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and nervous tissues

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2
Q

What are epithelial tissues?

A

Epithelial tissues cover the outside of organs and structures in the body and line the lumens of organs in a single layer or multiple layers of cells.

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3
Q

Whats the difference between simple and stratified epithelial tissue?

A

Simple epithelia is composed of a single layer of cells, while stratified epithelia is made up of multiple layers of cells.

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4
Q

What are the different types of epithelial tissues?

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional

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5
Q

Describe squamous epithelia.

A

Squamous epithelia have a flat, irregular round shape. Simple squamous epithelia, composed of a single layer of cells, can be found in the lung alveoli, and capillaries. While stratified squamous epithelia, composed of multiple layers of cells, can be found in the skin and mouth.

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6
Q

Where is the nucleus located in squamous epithelial cells?

A

The nucleus is small and is centrally located in squamous epithelial cells

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7
Q

What is the function of simple squamous epithelial tissue?

A

They facilitate diffusion in tissues, such as areas of gas exchange in the lungs and the exchange of nutrients and waste at blood capillaries

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8
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelial tissue?

A

They are located where protection is needed on the body from outside abrasion and damage. Examples: skin and tissues lining the mouth

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9
Q

Describe cuboidal epithelia

A

Cuboidal epithelia are cube shaped, and are located in glands and renal tubules.

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10
Q

Where is the nucleus located in cuboidal epithelia?

A

Single, central nucleus

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11
Q

Is cuboidal epithelia made up of simple or stratified tissue?

A

Cuboidal epithelial cells are most commonly found in a single layer representing a simple epithelia.

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12
Q

Where is cuboidal epithelia found?

A

Glandular tissues throughout the body, and the walls of tubeles and in the ducts of the kidney and liver

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13
Q

What is the function of cuboidal epithelia?

A

In glandular tissues they prepare and secrete glandular material. In the kidney they are involved in filtering the blood.

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14
Q

Describe columnar epithelia

A

Columnar epithelial cells are tall and narrow. Simple columnar epithelia are found in the digestive tract while pseudostratified columnar epihelia are found in the respiratory tract

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15
Q

Where is the nucleus located in columnar epithelial cells?

A

The nucleus is found towards the base in simple columnar epithelia, and along the cell in pseudostratified columnar epithelia.

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16
Q

What is the function of simple columnar epithelial cells? Where are they located?

A

Simple columnar epithelial cells are found in the digestive tract, where they absorb material from the lumen of the digestive tract and prepare it for entry into the body through the circulatory and lymphatic systems.

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17
Q

What is the function of goblet cells in the digestive tract?

A

Goblet cells secrete mucus into the digestive tract lumen.

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18
Q

What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells? Where are they located?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells line the respiratory tract, they have cilia at the apical, or surface of the cells. The cilia enhance the movement of mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract, which helps protect the respiratory system from invasive microorganisms and harmful material that has been breathed into the body.

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19
Q

What is the function of goblet cells in the lining of the trachea?

A

They contain mucus that traps irritants, which in the case of the trachea keep these irritants from getting into the lungs

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20
Q

Are pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells truly stratified?

A

No, pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells are not stratified. They are actually simple tissues but the nuclei are arranged at different levels which makes them appear to be multiple layers of cells.

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21
Q

Describe transitional epithelia.

A

Round, simple but appear stratified. Found in the urinary bladder

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22
Q

What is another name for transitional epithelia?

A

Ureoepithelial cells

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23
Q

Is transitional epithelia simple or stratified?

A

They are a simple epithelia, but appear to pile up on top of one another when the urinary bladder is empty

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24
Q

Why is it called transitional epithelia?

A

As the urinary bladder fills, the epithelial layer unfolds and expands to hold the volume of the urine. The lining becomes thinner as it expands, in other words it transitions from thick to thin.

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25
Q

What are connective tissues? (Definition)

A
26
Q

What are connective tissues made of?

A

A matrix consisting of living cells and a non-living substance, called ground substance. The ground substance is made up of an organic substance (usually protein) and an inorganic substance (usually a mineral or water).

27
Q

What is the principal cell of connective tissues?

A

Fibroblast

28
Q

What is the matrix?

A

A matrix consists of living cells and a non-living substance, called ground substance. The ground substance is made up of an organic substance (usually protein) and an inorganic substance (usually a mineral or water).

29
Q

What are the organic portions of connective tissues?

A

Protein fibers. Collagen, elastic, or reticular fibers.

30
Q

What is the function of elastic fibers?

A

Elastic fibers are made of the protein elastin. They provide flexibility to tissues.

31
Q

What is the function of collagen fibers?

A

Collagen fibers provide strength to the tissue, preventing it from being torn or separated from the surrounding tissues.

32
Q

What is the function of reticular fibers?

A

Reticular fibers are made up of thin strands of collagen that form a network of fibers to support the tissue and other organs to which it is connected to.

33
Q

What are the different types of connective tissues?

A
  • Loose/areolar connective tissues
  • Dense, fibrous connective tissues
  • Cartilage (Skeletal connective tissue)
  • Bone (Skeletal connective tissue)
  • Adipose (Skeletal connective tissue)
  • Blood (Fluid connective tissue)
34
Q

How are connective tissues classified?

A
35
Q

What cells make up loose/areolar connective tissues?

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, some lymphocytes, and some neutrophils

36
Q

What fibers make up loose/areolar connective tissues?

A

Few collagen, and elastic, and reticular

37
Q

Where are loose/areolar connective tissues located?

A

Around blood vessels (to keep it in place), anchors epithelia, and around + between most body organs

38
Q

What cells make up dense, fibrous connective tissues?

A

Fibroblasts and macrophages

39
Q

What fibers make up dense, fibrous connective tissues?

A

Mostly collagen

40
Q

Where are dense, fibrous connective tissues located?

A
  • Irregular: skin (where stress occurs from all directions)
  • Regular: Tendons (connects muscles to bone) and ligaments (connects bones to bones)
41
Q

What cells make up cartilage?

A

Chrondrocytes (make the matrix and fibers of the tissue) and chondroblasts (found in spaces within the tissue, called lacunae)

42
Q

What fibers make up cartilage?

A
  • Hyaline cartilage: few fibers (reduces friction and cushions the articulations at the ends of long bones)
  • Elastic cartilage: large amount of elastic (Flexibility)
  • Fibrocartilage: large amount of collagen (strength)
43
Q

Where is cartilage located?

A

Shark skeleton, fetal bones, human ears, intervertebal disks

44
Q

What cells make up adipose?

A

Adipocytes (collect and store fat in the form of triglycerides for energy metabolism)

45
Q

What fibers make up adipose?

A

Few fibers

46
Q

Where are adipose located?

A

Adipose (fat) - function as cushioning against damage to body organs and serves as insulation to help maintain body temperature

47
Q

What cells make up blood?

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (white blood cells)

48
Q

What fibers make up blood?

A

None

49
Q

Where is blood tissue located?

A

In the blood

50
Q

What cells make up bone?

A
  • Osteoblasts (making bone for growth and remodeling)
  • Osteocytes (osteoblasts turn into osteocytets)
  • Osteoclasts (break down bone for bone remodeling, provide access to calcium stored in tissues)
51
Q

What fibers make up bone?

A

Some collagen and elastic

52
Q

Where is bone tissue located?

A

Vertebrate skeletons

53
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

Function primarily in the immune response to foreign antigens or material. They make antibodies tailored to the foreign antigens and material.

54
Q

What are neutrophils and what is their function?

A

Neutrophils are phagocytic cells. They defend against microbial invaders, aid in the removal of bacteria that has entered the body.

55
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

Monocytes give rise to phagocytic macrophages that clean up dead and damaged cells in the body, whether they are foreign or from the host animal.

56
Q

What are the functions of eosinophils and basophils?

A

They facilitate the inflammatory response

57
Q

What are lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils?

A

They are all leukocytes

58
Q

What is a thromobocyte?

A

Thromobocytes are cell fragments that are vital for maintaining homeostatis

59
Q

What is the function of thromobocytes/platelets?

A

They participate in the stages leading up to coagulation of the blood to stop bleeding through damaged blood vessels.

60
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

The primary function of blood is transporting material through the body to bring nutrients to cells and remove waste material from them

Advanced Biology - 1.1 Animal Primary Tissues (1 decks)

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