(1.1) Anatomy & Function

Question 1

Decribe the structure of a neurone.

Answer 1

• Cell Body = known as Soma, processes stimulus & creates response
• Dendrites = long processes from Cell Body which receives stimulus
• Axon = 1 extension projects from Cell Body which sends response away

Question 2

Label the spinal cord and name is type of neuronal structures that are found in each:

• Dorsal Horn
• Lateral Horn
• Ventral Horn
• Dorsal Root
• Ventral Root

Answer 2

https://www.google.co.uk/search?espv=2&biw=1039&bih=717&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=grey+and+white+matter+neurone&oq=grey+and+white+matter+neurone&gs_l=img.3…2663.4145.0.4333.8.7.0.1.1.0.60.349.7.7.0….0…1c.1.64.img..5.3.109.FldDcJ7P14M#imgrc=wml_kLs21VjSlM%3A

• Dorsal Horn: soma of 2nd order Sensory neuron (Somatic more dorsally, Visceral more ventrally)
• Lateral Horn: soma of Lower Autonomic Motor neuron
• Ventral Horn: soma of Lower Somatic Motor neuron
• Dorsal Root: axon of 1st order Sensory neuron
• Ventral Root: axon of Lower Motor neuron

Question 3

At which level does the Spinal Cord terminate? What happens to the nerve roots below it?

Answer 3

• L1/L2

- Nerve roots branch off as Cauda Equina

Question 4

How do you distinguish vertebral levels from cross-sectional images of spinal cords

Answer 4

Ratio of Grey:White matter increases down the vertebral level

Question 5

Where does the Spinal Cord enlarge?

Answer 5

• C1-T1 -> Brachial Plexus

- T11-L1 -> Lumbosacral Plexus

Question 6

At what levels in the cord will sympathetic efferent neurones be found?

Answer 6

Sympathetic efferent fibres exit the spinal cord from segments T1 to L2 to synapse within the
sympathetic chain

Question 7

Label a lateral cerebral hemisphere, showing:

• the lobes
• Central sulcus
• Lateral Fissure
• Motor Area
• Sensory Area
• Auditory Area
• Vision Area
• Broca’s Area (what’s its role?)
• Wernicke’s Area (what’s its role?)

Answer 7

https: //www.google.co.uk/search?espv=2&biw=1039&bih=717&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=frontal+lobe+cetral+sulcus&oq=frontal+lobe+cetral+sulcus&gs_l=img.3…10304.16555.0.16777.14.14.0.0.0.0.80.737.14.14.0….0…1c.1.64.img..11.3.155.HWL9JVhaGZg#imgrc=aVd4hA404Zb_cM%3A
https: //www.google.co.uk/search?q=broca%27s+area&espv=2&biw=1039&bih=717&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAWoVChMIoN-2hPu3yAIVwuwUCh02LQeH#imgrc=EGdqZ-NvFlqONM%3A

• Broca’s Area: speech
• Wernicke’s Area: spoken language

Question 8

What is:

• Gyrus?
• Sulcus?

Answer 8

• Gyrus = fold

- Sulcus = groove

Question 9

Label a medial sagittal section of the brain, showing and list the roles of:

• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Midbrain
• Pon
• Medulla Oblongata
• Cerebellum
• Which structures form the Brainstem?

Answer 9

https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=brainstem&espv=2&biw=1039&bih=717&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAWoVChMI-96_lf-3yAIVijwUCh33YQJ7#imgrc=YJOnzJLeelUu1M%3A

• Thalamus: integrate info between areas
• Hypothalamus: haemostasis
• Midbrain: vision & hearing
• Pon: sleep, respiration, bladder control
• Medulla Oblongata: autonomic function
• Cerebellum: motor function
• Brainstem = Midbrain + Pon + Medulla

Question 10

Distinguish

• Coronal
• Horizontal
• Sagittal

Answer 10

https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=coronal+sagittal&espv=2&biw=1039&bih=717&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAWoVChMIkYrA3f23yAIVQboUCh1dKgBv#imgrc=faeD8yzAofFyZM%3A