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Question 1

What is a risk factor for acute viral hepatitis?

Answer 1

Intravenous drug use

This condition is associated with panlobular inflammation, hepatocyte injury, and cell death.

Question 2

What characterizes the infection control mechanism in acute viral hepatitis?

Answer 2

Cytotoxic T-cell-mediated signals cause hepatocyte apoptosis

This process is marked microscopically by the presence of Councilman bodies.

Question 3

What are Councilman bodies?

Answer 3

Round, intensely eosinophilic bodies

They are indicative of hepatocyte apoptosis in acute viral hepatitis.

Question 4

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 4

Increase in cell number leading to increased organ size

This is one of the forms of cellular adaptation.

Question 5

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 5

Increase in cell size leading to increased organ size

This is another form of cellular adaptation.

Question 6

What is atrophy?

Answer 6

Decrease in cell size leading to decreased organ size

It refers to the reduction in the size of an organ or tissue.

Question 7

What is metaplasia?

Answer 7

Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another

This occurs as a response to chronic irritation or injury.

Question 8

What is the definition of cellular adaptation?

Answer 8

Changes in cell size, number, or type in response to stimuli

It includes processes such as hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, and metaplasia.

Question 9

Fill in the blank: Hyperplasia is an increase in cell _______.

Answer 9

number

Question 10

Fill in the blank: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell _______.

Answer 10

size

Question 11

Fill in the blank: Atrophy is a decrease in cell _______.

Answer 11

size

Question 12

Fill in the blank: Metaplasia involves the replacement of one differentiated cell type with _______.

Answer 12

another

Question 13

True or False: Cytotoxic T-cell-mediated signals promote hepatocyte survival.

Answer 13

False

These signals lead to apoptosis, not survival.

Question 15

What are the clinical manifestations of digoxin toxicity?

Answer 15

Life-threatening arrhythmias, anorexia, nausea & vomiting, abdominal pain, fatigue, confusion, weakness, color vision alterations.

Question 16

What is digoxin used to treat?

Answer 16

Atrial fibrillation and systolic heart failure.

Question 17

How is digoxin cleared from the body?

Answer 17

It is renally cleared.

Question 18

Why does digoxin toxicity frequently occur in elderly patients?

Answer 18

Due to decreased renal function with age, often without a rise in serum creatinine.

Question 19

What are the routes of cancer spread?

Answer 19

Direct invasion, lymphatics, hematogenous, transcoelomic, perineural.

Question 20

What is the definition of direct invasion in cancer spread?

Answer 20

Extension into neighboring tissues.

Question 21

What does lymphatic spread in cancer involve?

Answer 21

Embolic drainage or invasion into lymphatic channels allows spread to regional lymph nodes.

Question 22

What is hematogenous spread in cancer?

Answer 22

Embolic spread through the vasculature (usually veins).

Question 23

What is transcoelomic spread in cancer?

Answer 23

Spread throughout a body cavity.

Question 24

What is perineural spread in cancer?

Answer 24

Spread along nerves or nerve sheaths.

Question 25

What is dermatomyositis?

Answer 25

An inflammatory myopathy that primarily affects striated muscle and skin.

Question 26

What are the diagnostic findings in dermatomyositis?

Answer 26

Elevated muscle enzymes (e.g., creatinine kinase) and positive autoantibodies (e.g., anti-Jo-1).

Question 27

What does a muscle biopsy in dermatomyositis show?

Answer 27

Perimysial inflammatory infiltrates and perifascicular atrophy.

Question 28

What complications can arise from inflammatory myopathies?

Answer 28

Interstitial lung disease and myocarditis.

Question 29

What enzyme deficiency is associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Answer 29

21-Hydroxylase deficiency.

Question 30

What are the symptoms of 21-Hydroxylase deficiency?

Answer 30

Salt wasting, hypotension, ambiguous genitalia in boys, absent puberty.

Question 31

What are common causes of bacterial meningitis?

Answer 31

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes.

Question 32

What features suggest preeclampsia?

Answer 32

Severe hypertension and elevated liver function tests.

Question 33

What is HELLP syndrome?

Answer 33

Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, Low Platelets.

Question 34

What complication is associated with HELLP syndrome?

Answer 34

Hepatic subcapsular hematoma.

Question 35

What increases the risk of seizures in preeclampsia?

Answer 35

Cerebral vasospasm, thrombosis, and edema.

Question 40

What is Kartagener Syndrome (KS)?

Answer 40

A condition characterized by a dynein arm defect in cilia, leading to respiratory infections and male infertility due to immotile sperm.

Question 41

What is delirium?

Answer 41

An acute-onset confusional state characterized by waxing and waning mental status changes and impaired attention. It occurs secondary to an underlying medical condition.

Question 42

What are the symptoms of delirium?

Answer 42

Disorientation, agitation, psychosis, and sleep disturbances may occur.

Question 43

What is the primary management for delirium?

Answer 43

Treating the underlying cause of the condition.

Question 44

What are the risks associated with delirium?

Answer 44

The elderly and those with preexisting cognitive disorders are at a higher risk.

Question 45

What medications can be used for acute treatment of agitation in delirium?

Answer 45

High-potency first-generation antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol) and some second-generation antipsychotics (e.g., quetiapine).

Question 46

What is Major Depressive Disorder?

Answer 46

Characterized by depressed mood and significant functional impairment, with at least 5 of 9 symptoms including SIGECAPS.

Question 47

What does SIGECAPS stand for?

Answer 47

Sleep disturbance, loss of Interest, excessive Guilt, low Energy, impaired Concentration, Appetite disturbance, Psychomotor agitation/retardation, and Suicidal ideation.

Question 48

What is Hepatocellular adenoma?

Answer 48

An uncommon, benign liver tumor often associated with estrogen exposure and anabolic steroid use, typically asymptomatic but may cause abdominal pain.

Question 49

What are the clinical manifestations of digoxin toxicity?

Answer 49

Life-threatening arrhythmias, gastrointestinal disturbances, weakness, and color vision alterations.

Question 50

What is dermatomyositis?

Answer 50

An inflammatory myopathy characterized by proximal muscle weakness and a heliotrope rash, with elevated muscle enzymes and specific autoantibodies.

Question 51

What are the complications of inflammatory myopathies?

Answer 51

Dysphagia, pulmonary aspiration, interstitial lung disease, and myocarditis.

Question 52

What is the significance of enzyme deficiency in adrenal steroidogenesis?

Answer 52

It can lead to various disorders, affecting disease prevalence and duration.