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Biochem Final > 11/27: Neurotransmitters and Neuromuscular Control > Flashcards

11/27: Neurotransmitters and Neuromuscular Control Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What are the two types of synapses?
A

Electrical
Chemical

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2
Q

What are electrical synapses?

A

Synapses that are connected by a gap junction

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3
Q

What are chemical synapses?

A

Synapses that release neurotransmitters

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4
Q

What synapse type does the CNS use primarily?

A

Chemical synapse

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5
Q

What is a quanta?

A

The amount of neurotransmitter contained within a presynaptic vesicle

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6
Q

Once a neurotransmitter has bound to its receptor on the postsynaptic vesicle, what
does it trigger?

A

a. It triggers EPSPs and IPSPs

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7
Q
  1. What are EPSPs?
A

a. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials

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8
Q
  1. What are IPSPs?
A

a. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

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9
Q

What proteins are responsible for starting the process of binding vesicles to synaptic membrane?

A

SNARE proteins

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10
Q

What are the 4 steps that occur in order for a vesicle to release its NT on synaptic
membrane?

A
  1. Ca+2 influx binds to Synaptotagmin
  2. Synaptotagmin undergoes a conformational change and binds to synaptobrevin
  3. Synaptobrevin binds to SNAP-25 and Syntaxin
  4. SNARE protein complex formed allowing vesicle to dock and release contents into synaptic cleft
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11
Q

What toxin is commonly given cosmetically to inhibit SNARE proteins?

A

Botulinum toxin
i. Eats the SNARE protein inhibiting NT release

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12
Q

What ions are IPSPs?

A

Chlorine
Magnesium
Potassium

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13
Q
  1. How are magnesium and potassium IPSPs if they are positively charged?
A

Because they are stored at a higher concentration inside the cell than out so
when they leave they leave behind a negative charge

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14
Q
  1. What ions are EPSPs?
A

Sodium
Calcium

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15
Q
  1. What are the 3 excitatory NT?
A

a. Glutamate
b. Aspartate
c. NO

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16
Q
  1. What are the 4 inhibitory NT?
A

a. Glycine
b. GABA
c. Serotonin
d. Dopamine

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17
Q
  1. What 2 NT are both excitatory and inhibitory?
A

a. Acetylcholine
b. Norepinephrine

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18
Q
  1. Do neurons receive only EPSPs or IPSPs signaling?
A

a. No, they can receive both since many neurons synapse together

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19
Q
  1. Where then do the sums of all the EPSPs and IPSPs occur within a neuron?
A

a. Axon hillock

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20
Q
  1. Why are graded potentials called such?
A

a. Because the signal strength fades the further it travels within a neuron

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21
Q
  1. How do graded potentials differ from an action potential?
A

Action potentials do not lose strength because they use Na voltage gated channels

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22
Q
  1. What are the three amino acid derivative small molecule neurotransmitters?
A

a. Glutamate
b. GABA
c. Glycine

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23
Q

Which of those three amino acid derived small molecule neurotransmitters is THE
excitatory one?

A

a. Glutamate

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24
Q

Which of those three amino acid derived small molecule neurotransmitters is THE inhibitory one?

A

GABA

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25
Q
  1. Where is glycine inhibitory at?
A

a. Within the spinal cord

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26
Q
  1. What are the 5 amine based small molecule neurotransmitters?
A
  1. Serotonin
  2. Histamine
  3. Dopamine
  4. Norepinephrine
  5. Epinephrine
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27
Q

What is the amino acid necessary to create serotonin?

A

Tryptophan

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28
Q

What amino acid is necessary for DOPA to form?

A

Tyrosine

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29
Q

Once DOPA is formed what is it converted into?

A

Dopamine

30
Q

What is dopamine converted into?

A

Norepinephrine

31
Q
  1. What is norepinephrine converted into?
A

Epinephrine

32
Q
  1. What are the gas type neurotransmitters?
A

NO
CO

33
Q
  1. Does the body naturally produce endocannabinoids?
A

Yes

34
Q
  1. What are the two naturally produced endocannabinoids?
A

Anandamide
Arachidonoyl glycerol

35
Q

What receptor do endocannabinoids and THC plant derived cannabinoids use?

A

CB1

36
Q

What does binding to a CB1 receptor do?

A

Inhibit Ca+2 release causing 5 things to occur

37
Q

What are the 5 things that occur once CB1 has bound to its ligand?

A
  1. Increase in pleasure
  2. Inhibition of pain
  3. Inhibition of nausea
  4. A decrease in learning/memory
  5. Movement
38
Q

What are small molecule neurotransmitters made as first within the cell?

A

Terminal peptides within the rough ER

39
Q

What NT does cholinergic neurons use?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

40
Q

What NT does dopaminergic neurons use?

A

Dopamine (DA)

41
Q

What NT does noradrenergic neurons use?

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

42
Q

What NT does glutamatergic neurons use?

A

Glutamate (Glu)

43
Q

What NT does GABAergic neurons use?

A

GABA

44
Q

What NT does peptidergic neurons use?

A

Peptides

45
Q
  1. What are the 3 types of NT receptors?
A

a. 1. Transmitter-gated ion channels/ionotropic receptors
b. 2. G-protein coupled receptors/metabotropic receptors
c. 3. Enzyme-linked receptors

46
Q
  1. What ions do ionotropic receptors bind to?
A

a. Na
b. K
c. Cl
d. Ca

47
Q
  1. What do ionotropic receptors do?
A

a. Depolarize/hyperpolarize a cell

48
Q
  1. What do metabotropic receptors/G-protein coupled receptors do?
A

a. Indirectly link to ion channels

49
Q
  1. Are ionotropic receptors ligand gated?
A

Yes

50
Q
  1. What is an example of an ionotropic receptor that is found all over the body?
A

a. GABA-chloride channel

51
Q
  1. What 3 common drugs are used that targets the GABA-chloride channel?
A

a. Isoflurane
b. Propofol
c. Ethanol

52
Q
  1. What is an example of an INOTROPIC receptor found all over the body?
A

a. NMDA receptor for glutamate

53
Q
  1. What does the NMDA/glutamate receptor channel do?
A

a. Allows the passage of Na and Ca into the cell and for K to leave

54
Q
  1. What is an example of an Acetylcholine ionotropic receptor?
A

a. Nicotinic receptor

55
Q
  1. Where is the Nicotinic receptor located?
A

a. Nerves and muscles

56
Q
  1. What ion does the nicotinic receptor allow for the passage of?
A

Sodium

57
Q
  1. What is the antagonist to the nicotinic receptor?
A

Curare

58
Q
  1. How do metabotropic receptors work?
A

a. Through the use of a G-protein which diffuses into the membrane

59
Q
  1. What does the diffused G-protein do?
A

a. Act on ion channels, enzymes, and gene transcription

60
Q
  1. What is an example of an acetylcholine metabotropic receptor?
A

a. Acetylcholine muscarinic receptor

61
Q
  1. Where is the Acetylcholine muscarinic receptor receptor found?
A

In organs

62
Q
  1. What is the antagonist to the Acetylcholine muscarinic receptor receptor?
A

Atropine

63
Q
  1. Is Beta1 adrenergic a metabotropic receptor?
A

Yes

64
Q
  1. What does the Beta1 receptor do to the heart once it has binded to epinephrine?
A

a. Increase heart rate and contractility

65
Q
  1. Can ACh activate both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?
A

Yes

66
Q
  1. What are the three steps that occur in terminating a NT?
A

a. 1. Reuptake
b. 2. Breakdown
c. 3. Diffusion

67
Q
  1. How does nerve gas take advantage of the termination of a NT?
A

a. By inhibiting acetylcholinesterase so acetylcholine cannot be broken down
i. Death by spasmodic contractions

68
Q
  1. What two drugs are voltage gated sodium channel blockers?
A

a. Lidocaine
b. Tetrodotoxin

69
Q
  1. How does caffeine increase HR within the body?
A

a. By increasing cAMP which increases Ca so HR goes up

70
Q
  1. How do SSRIs and Cocaine block reuptake of acetylcholine by the presynaptic neuron?
A

a. Through inhibition of the of the protein responsible for reuptaking it
i. Block it

71
Q
  1. What does ecstasy and amphetamines do to acetylcholine?
A

a. Increase its release from the vesicles so it leaks out of presynaptic neuron while also blocking its reuptake
i. This is why these drugs “feel good”

Biochem Final (7 decks)

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