11 Flashcards
Demoralization
Demoralization is a belief by the client that their situation is hopeless and that they are helpless to effect change. Because of this, the client feels incompetent and experiences low self-esteem.
Demoralization hypothesis
Demoralization hypothesis
The demoralization hypothesis is Jerome Frank’s idea that the primary issues to address in the helping relationship are the client’s sense of hopelessness, feelings of incompetence, alienation, and loss of self-esteem when a client first comes for help.
Learned helplessness
The effects of exposing someone to a situation where it is not possible to win. After experiencing this event, the client no longer seeks to escape or solve the problem even when escape is possible and solutions are available, because the client has learned that it is futile.
Visitors
Steve de Shazer’s term for clients who are browsing but not motivated to commit to a helping relationship.
Complainants
Steve de Shazer’s term for clients who have a complaint but are ambivalent about what kind of help they need or want.
Motivational interviewing
Motivational interviewing is a synthesis of person-centered and cognitive therapies that is aimed at enlisting the client in the treatment process and removing blockages by enhancing the therapeutic relationship and utilizing gentle confrontation. It is widely used in addictions treatment.
Pre contemplation
Pre contemplation
The stage of change where the person is not even thinking about taking action; for example, when a client with problem drinking does not even think it is a problem.
Contemplation
Contemplation
The stage of change in which clients are planning to change within 6 months. At this point they have become conscious of both the positive and negative consequences of potential change. Yet clients at this stage are ambivalent about making a change and are not ready to take direct action to address the problem.
Preparation
Preparation
The stage of change that describes clients who have taken some steps toward change during the last 12 months and are ready to consider a specific action plan. For example, a client who needs to exercise has joined a gym and is planning to begin a program.
Action
The stage of change in which we find clients who have already made some changes in their lives. For example, the client has stopped drinking, started attending AA meetings, or entered a treatment program.
Maintenance
The stage of change that characterizes individuals who have already changed their lives and behavior, such as having quit smoking or instituted better communication in their relationships. What clients need in this stage is to maintain the changes that they have committed to.
Relapse
Relapse is the reemergence of a medical or psychological problem following improvement or a seeming cure. For example, the term can describe going back to substance abuse following abstinence.
Placebo effect
Placebo effect
The psychological effect of expecting a treatment to work.
Change questions or strategic questions
Change questions or strategic questions
Those questions designed to persuade a client to change, not to get information.
Embedded questions
These are questions with a hidden suggestion: For example, “When you let go of your anger and forgive your father, what will change in your family?”
Scaling questions
These are questions designed to encourage action and motivate change. For example, the helper asks, “How motivated are you to repair this relationship?” When the client answers, “5” the helper asks, “What would help you raise that to a 6.”
Miracle question
he miracle question was devised by solution-focused therapists. It is particularly useful in getting clients off the problem-saturated story and onto the solution. The question is as follows: “Imagine that while you were asleep, a miracle occurred and the problem that brought you here for help was completely solved. But because you were asleep, you did not know the problem had been solved. What are the first things that you would notice if the problem were gone?”
Praise
raise means positively evaluating another person by giving compliments and noticing progress.
Interpretation
Derived from psychoanalysis, interpretation is explaining to the client the meaning of a symptom, thought, or dream in terms of the theoretical constructs of the helper.
Bibliotherapy
Bibliotherapy refers to the use of books assigned for the client to read as a method of treatment. Bibliotherapy is a psychoeducational technique.
Metaphors
Metaphor is a therapeutic technique whereby the helper makes a comparison between a story, parable or image that are analogous to the client’s situation. The purpose is to help the client see the situation in a different light. For example, the client’s progress might be compared to mountain climbing focusing on small progress which ultimately leads to the summit.
Exposure or Exposure therapy
A technique for helping clients move toward a feared object by asking them to slowly approach the situation.
Direct instruction
Direct instruction or psychoeducation
Teaching clients skills such as assertiveness, parenting, or any other interpersonal skill.
Psychoeducation
Psychoeducation
Psychoeducational methods are treatments that involve educating a client about psychological issues such as better communication, stress, assertiveness, etc
