1.1-1.7 Section One Terms Flashcards
Randomization
The procedure in which elements are assigned to different (treatment and control) groups at random
Descriptive statistics
Collection of methods for organizing, displaying and describing data using tables, graphs and summary measures
Response Error
The error that occurs because people included in the survey do not provide correct answers
Quantitative data
Data generated by a quantitative variable
Simple random sampling
If all samples of the same size elected from a population have the same chance of being selected.
Inferential statistics
Collection of methods that help make decisions about a population based on sample results
Sampling chance or error
The difference between the result obtained from a sample survey vs the result of a census
Qualitative or categorical variable
A variable that cannot assume numerical values but is classified into two or more categories
Observation or measurement
The value of a variable for an element
Stratified random sampling
A sample technique in which the population is divided into different strata and a sample is chosen from each stratum
Representative Sample
A sample that contains the characteristics of the population as closely as possible
Survey
Collecting data from the elements of a population or sample
Voluntary response error
The error that occurs because a survey is not conducted on a randomly selected sample but people are invited to respond voluntarily to the survey
Selection error
The error that occurs because the sampling frame is not representative of the population
Element/member
A specific subject or object included in a sample or population
Control group
The group in which no condition is imposed
Statistics
Science of collection, analyzing, presenting and Interpreting data and making decisions
Quantitative variable
A variable that can be measured numerically
Judgement sample
A sample that includes the elements of a population selected based on the judgement and prior knowledge of an expert
Random Sample
A sample drawn in such a way that each element it the population has some chance of being included in the sample
Cluster
A subgroup of the population that is representative of the population (usually geographical)
Cross-section data
Data collected on different elements at the same point in time or for the same period of time
Sample
A portion of the population of interest
Treatment
A condition (or set of conditions) that is imposed on a group of elements by the experimenter. This group is called the treatment group
Time series data
Data that gives the values of the same variable for the same element at different points in time or for different periods of time
Target population
The collection of all subjects of interest
Population/target population
The collection of all elements whose characteristics are being studied
Sampling frame
The list of elements of the target population That is used to select a sample
Systematic random sampling
A sampling method used to choose a sample by selecting every kth unit from the list
Variable
A characteristic under study or investigation that assumes different values for different elements
Stratum
A subgroup of the population whose members are identical with regard to the possession of a characteristic
Discrete variable
A quantitative variable whose values are countable
Quota sample
A sample selected in such a way each group or sub populations represented in the same sample in exactly the same proportion as in the target population
Non-sampling or systematic errors
Errors that occur in the collection, recording and tabulation of data
Census
A survey conducted by including every element of a population
Sample survey
A survey that includes elements of a sample
Double blind experiment
An experiment where neither the doctors/researchers or the patients/members know which group a patient (or member) belongs.
Designed experiment
A study in which the experimenter controls the assignment of elects to different treatment groups
Experiment
A method of collecting data by controlling some or all factors
Cluster Sampling
A sampling technique in which the population is divided into clusters and a sample is chosen from one or a few clusters
Observational study
A study in which the assignment of elements to different treatments is voluntary and the researcher simply observes the results of the study
Data or data set
Collection of observations or measurements on a variable
Qualitative or categorical data
Data generated by the qualitative variable
Convenience sample
A sample that includes most accessible members of the population
Non response error
The error that occurs because many or the people included in the sample do not respond
Continuous variable
A quantitative variable that can assume any numerical value over a certain interval or intervals
