1.1

Question 1

The founder of the theory of Care Theory

Answer 1

Madeleine Leininger

Question 2

Her theory has now developed as a
discipline in nursing

Answer 2

Madeleine Leininger

Question 3

Madeleine Leininger
- Evolution of her theory

Answer 3

▪ Culture Care Diversity and
Universality (1991)
▪ Transcultural Nursing (1995)
▪ Transcultural Nursing (2002)

Question 4

Madeleine Leininger
- Theoretical framework is depicted called

Answer 4

Sunrise Model (1997)

Question 5

One of the first nursing global nursing
consultant.

Answer 5

Madeleine Leininger

Question 6

Madeleine Leininger
- degree

Answer 6

▪ MSN - Catholic University in
Washington DC.
▪ PhD in anthropology – University of
Washington

Question 7

She developed the concept and the
ethnonursing research

Answer 7

Madeleine Leininger

Question 8

Derived from the discipline of anthropology;
conceptualized the theory to be relevant to
nursing.

Answer 8

Theoretical Sources

Question 9

Leininger favors ethnomethods as the
desired and meaningful approach to study
care because these methods are directed
toward discovering the people’s “truth”
views, beliefs, and patterned lifeways.

Answer 9

Use Of Empirical Evidence

Question 10

is a comparative study of
cultures to understand similarities (culture
universal) and difference (culture-specific) across
human groups. (Leininger, 1991).

Answer 10

Transcultural Nursing

Question 11

Set of values, beliefs and traditions, that
are held by a specific group of people and handed
down from generation to generation.

Answer 11

Culture

Question 12

also beliefs, habits, likes, dislikes, customs and
rituals learn from one’s family.

Answer 12

Culture

Question 13

the learned, shared and transmitted values,
beliefs, norms and life way practices of a particular
group that guide thinking, decisions, and actions in
patterned ways

Answer 13

Culture

Question 14

is learned by each generation through
both formal and informal life experiences

Answer 14

Culture

Question 15

_ is primary through means of
transmitting culture

Answer 15

Language

Question 16

The practices of particular culture often arise
because of the group’s social and physical
environment

Answer 16

Culture

Question 17

_ are adapted over
time but they mainly remain constant as long as
they satisfy needs.

Answer 17

Culture practice and beliefs

Question 18

Is a set of belief in a divine or
superhuman power (or universe) to be obeyed and
worshipped as the creator and ruler of the
universe.

Answer 18

Religion

Question 19

refers to a group of people who share a
common and distinctive culture and who are
members of a specific group.

Answer 19

Ethnic

Question 20

a consciousness of belonging to a
group.

Answer 20

Ethnicity

Question 21

the sense of being part of an
ethnic group or culture

Answer 21

Cultural Identity

Question 22

commonalities of values,
norms of behavior, and life patterns that are similar
among different cultures.

Answer 22

Culture-Universals

Question 23

values, beliefs, and patterns
of behavior that tend to be unique to a designate
culture.

Answer 23

Culture-Specifics

Question 24

refers to objects (dress, art,
religious, artifacts)

Answer 24

Material Culture

Question 25

refers to beliefs customs,
languages, social institutions.

Answer 25

Non-Material Culture

Question 26

composed of people who have a
distinct identity but are related to a larger cultural
group.

Answer 26

Subculture

Question 27

a person who crosses two cultures,
lifestyles, and sets of values.

Answer 27

Bicultural

Question 28

refers to the fact or state of being
different. Diversity can occur between cultures and
within a cultural group.

Answer 28

Diversity

Question 29

People of a minority group tend to
assume the attitudes, values, beliefs, find practices
of the dominant society resulting in a blended
cultural pattern.

Answer 29

Acculturation

Question 30

the state of being disoriented or
unable to respond to a different cultural
environment because of its sudden strangeness,
unfamiliarity, and incompatibility to the stranger’s
perceptions and expectations as it is differentiated
from others by symbolic markers (cultures, biology,
territory, religion).

Answer 30

Cultural Shock

Question 31

share a common social and
cultural heritage that is passed on to successive
generations.

Answer 31

Ethnic Groups

Question 32

refers to a subjective perspective
of the person’s heritage and to a sense of
belonging to a group that is distinguishable from
other groups.

Answer 32

Ethnic Identity

Question 33

the classification of people according to
shared biologic characteristics, genetic markers, or
features. Not all people of the same race have the
same culture.

Answer 33

Race

Question 34

an in-depth selfexamination of one’s own background, recognizing
biases and prejudices and assumptions about
other people.

Answer 34

Cultural Awareness

Question 35

Care that fits the
people’s valued life patterns and set of meanings -
which is generated from the people themselves,
rather than based on predetermined criteria.

Answer 35

Culturally Congruent Care

Question 36

the ability of the
practitioner to bridge cultural gaps in caring, work
with cultural differences and enable clients and
families to achieve meaningful and supportive
caring.

Answer 36

Culturally Competent Care

Question 37

Leininger (1991) identified three nursing decision
and action modes to achieve culturally congruent
care.

Answer 37

• Cultural preservation or maintenance.
• Cultural care accommodation or
negotiation.
• Cultural care repatterning or restructuring.