1.1-1.3 Statistics and samples

Question 1

statistics

Answer 1

technology that describes and measures aspects of nature from samples; lets us quantify the uncertainty of these measures

Question 2

estimation

Answer 2

the process of inferring an unkown quantity of a target population using sample data

Question 3

parameter

Answer 3

a quantity describing a population

Question 4

hypothesis testing

Answer 4

process of determining how well a “null” hypothesis about a population quantity fits a sample of data

Question 5

null hypothesis

Answer 5

specific claim regarding the population quantity

Question 6

population

Answer 6

the entire collection of individuals or units that a researcher is interested in

Question 7

sample

Answer 7

subset of units taken from the population

Question 8

sampling error

Answer 8

chance difference between an estimate andthe population parameter being estimated

Question 9

precision

Answer 9

measured from spread of estimates resulting from sampling error; inversely proportinal to sampling error

Question 10

accurate

Answer 10

the average of estimates is centered on the true population value; unbiased

Question 11

bias

Answer 11

systematic discrepancy between estimates an the true population characteristic

Question 12

random sample

Answer 12

each member of a population has an equal and independent chance of being selected

Question 13

sample of convenience

Answer 13

collection of individuals that are easily available to the researcher

Question 14

volunteer bias

Answer 14

a bias resulting from a systematic difference between the pool of volunteers and the population to which they belong

Question 15

variables

Answer 15

are characteristics that differ among individuals

Question 16

data

Answer 16

the raw measurements of one or more variables made on a sample of individuals

Question 17

categorical variables

Answer 17

describe membership in a category or a group; attribute; qualitative

Question 18

nominal

Answer 18

different categories have no inherent order

Question 19

ordinal

Answer 19

can be ordered, despite lacking magnitude

Question 20

categorical data

Answer 20

named characteristics of individuals that do not have magnitude on a numerical scale

Question 21

numerical

Answer 21

measurements of individuals are quantitative and have magnitude

Question 22

numerical data

Answer 22

are quantitative measurements that have magnitude on a numerical scale

Question 23

continuous numerical data

Answer 23

can take on any real number value within some range

Question 24

discrete numerical data

Answer 24

come in indivisible units e.g. counts

Question 25

response variable

Answer 25

try to predict from the explantory variable; dependent variable

Question 26

explanatory variable

Answer 26

a.k.a. independent variable