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AP World Per 3 > 1.1, 1.2, Lectures Quiz > Flashcards

1.1, 1.2, Lectures Quiz Flashcards

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AP® World History flashcards
1
Q

Champa Rice

A
  • a fast ripening and drought resistant strain of rice from the Champa Kingdom in present day Vietnam that greatly expanded agricultural production in China around 1000
  • the rice allowed farming to spread to areas where rice used to not grow (lowlands, riverbanks, hills) and let farmer grow two crops a year, in the summer and winter
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2
Q

Proto-Industrialization

A
  • a set of economic changes in which people in rural areas make more goods than they can sell
  • happened under the Song Dynasty
  • it relied on home and community based production that used simple equipment
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3
Q

Artisans

A
  • skilled craftworkers
  • Chinese artisans produced steel and other products in smelting facilities under imperial government supervision
  • made porcelain since it was wanted (light weight and light colored) and silk that was traded through land and sea routes
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4
Q

Scholar Gentry

A
  • group of educated people in Confucian philosophy and became the most influential social class in China
  • this social class formed during the bureaucratic expansion
  • outnumbered the aristocracy (landowners who inherited their wealth)
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5
Q

Filial Piety

A
  • the duty of family members to subordinate their desires to those of the male head of the family and to the ruler
  • the Song benefited from this Confucian idea since the emphasis on respect for one’s elders helped maintain their rule
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6
Q

Grand Canal

A
  • an inexpensive and efficient internal waterway transportation system that extended over 30,000 miles
  • expanded the canal made China become the most popular trading area in the world
  • building started under the Song
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7
Q

Song Dynasty

A
  • from 960 to 1279
  • replaced the Tang and ruled for more than 300 years
  • they lost control of northern land to invading pastoralists from Manchuria who set up the Jin empire
  • Song ruled a smaller region than the Tang but it was prosperous and the arts flourished
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8
Q

Imperial Bureaucracy

A
  • a vast organization in which appointed officials carried out the empire’s policies that had been around since the Qin Dynasty
  • represented a Chinese continuity and strength
  • expanded over time
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9
Q

Meritocracy

A
  • Chinese system that allowed for the poor to get better jobs based on their ability through the Civil Service Exam
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10
Q

Woodblock Printing

A
  • developed in 600
  • first culture to use this printing system
  • a Buddhist scripture was the first woodblock printed work in history
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11
Q

Foot Binding

A
  • concept where girls from a very young age wrapped their feet so tightly their bones wouldn’t grow correctly
  • social status was shown by foot binding, which attracted suitors
  • restricted women to move
  • common among aristocratic families in the Song
  • banned in 1912
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12
Q

Buddhism

A
  • religion that got to China via the Silk Roads
  • most popular during the Tang, but part of the Han and Sui Dynasties
  • monk name Xuanzang promoted Buddhism in the 600s
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13
Q

Theravada Buddhism

A
  • Buddhism that focused on personal spiritual growth through silent meditation and self discipline
  • most common in Southeast Asia
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14
Q

Mahayana Buddhism

A
  • Buddhism that focused on spiritual growth for all beings and on service
  • strong in China and Korea
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15
Q

Tibetan Buddhism

A
  • Buddhism that focused on chanting
  • strongest in Tibet
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16
Q

Syncretic

A
  • describes a combined or fused idea
  • Ex: Zen Buddhism is Buddhist and Daoist beliefs combined
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17
Q

Chan (Zen) Buddhism

A
  • religion that emphasized direct experience and meditation as opposed to formal learning based on studying scripture
  • made Buddhism more well known since it combined with China’s Daoism
  • monasteries were built in major cities
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18
Q

Neo-Confucianism

A
  • a syncretic religion (Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism) that combined rational thought with abstract ideas
  • emphasized ethics rather than the mysteries of God and nature
  • became popular in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam
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19
Q

Heian Period

A
  • from 794 to 1185
  • time when Japan advanced Chinese tradition in politics, art, and literature
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20
Q

Nuclear Families

A
  • families that just had a wife, husband, and their children
  • way Vietnamese families preferred to live
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21
Q

Polygyny

A
  • the practice of having more than one wife at the same time
  • system was rejected by Vietnamese women
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22
Q

Mamluk Sultanate

A
  • lead between 1250 and 1517
  • power that formed from the Mamluks
  • empire prospered by facilitating trade in cotton and sugar between the Islamic world and Europe
  • declined once sea routes were in place
  • took down Abbasids
23
Q

Seljuk Turks

A
  • Muslims from Central Asia who began conquering parts of the Middle East in 1000
  • eventually extended as far east by Western China
  • took down Abbasids
24
Q

Sultan

A
  • name given to the Seljuk leader
25
Q

Mongols

A
  • most famous conquerers in history that came from Central Asia
  • conquered Abbasids in 1258 and ended Seljuk rule
  • eventually stopped by Mamluks
26
Q

Abbasid Caliphate

A
  • state that adopted Abbasid practices that was led by Arabs and Persians
27
Q

Mamluks

A
  • enslaved people who were ethnic Turks that Arabs would purchase
28
Q

Muhammad

A
  • died in 632
  • prophet/founder of Islam
  • his faith spread from Arabia after he died
29
Q

Crusaders

A
  • groups of soldiers sent to reopen access to Jerusalem for Christians
  • invaded Abbasids
30
Q

Sufis

A
  • Muslims who emphasized introspection to grasp truths that they believed could not be misunderstood through learning
31
Q

House of Wisdom

A
  • center of learning that scholars traveled to from far away
  • located in Baghdad
32
Q

Baghdad

A
  • city that many goods and ideas flowed through via trade routes around 700
33
Q

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

A
  • lived from 1201 to 1274
  • Islamic scholar who contributed to astronomy, law, logic, ethics, mathematics, philosophy, and medicine
34
Q

A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah

A
  • lived from 1460 to 1507
  • Sufi poet and mystic women who wrote “Clear Inspiration, On Praise of the Trusted One”, honoring Muhammad
35
Q

Imperial China

A
  • ruled by an emperor for much of history
  • rulers used the Mandate of Heaven to legitimize their power
  • collected tribute from neighbors in East Asia
36
Q

The Wei Dynasty

A
  • replaced Han Dynasty in 220 (civil war rage/six dynasty period lasted until 589)
  • northern Wei founded by the Tuoba people from inner Mongolia (nomadic warriors who maintained Chinese tradition, used census for taxation, adopted the Chinese name “Yuan”)
  • Empress Fang established progressive land reforms
  • Wei court supported Buddhist temples and monuments while honoring Confucian traditions
  • fell after the Empress Hu assassinated the Emperor
37
Q

Confucianism Hierarchy

A
  • emperor over citizens
  • man over woman
  • elderly over youth
  • teacher over student
  • husband over wife
  • son over daughter
  • first born over second born
  • second son over first daughter
38
Q

Tang Dynasty

A
  • reigned from 618 to 907
  • had a strong central government and military (aristocratic cavalry, peasant army, pastoral nomadic soldiers from the Inner Eurasian Steppes particularly the Uighurs)
  • improved farming techniques (draining swaps, building canals, connected lakes and rivers to rice lands)
  • maintained Han administrative techniques (introduced the civil service examination)
39
Q

Civil Service Exam

A
  • test qualifying individuals for positions within the government
  • students had to demonstrate literary skills, knowledge of Confucian principles and texts, as well as Daoist texts and ideals (began at age 3 to prepare)
  • originally open to most Northern aristocracy but eventually southern wealth and access to education turned the tides in favor of the new money
40
Q

Women in Tang Court

A
  • wives and mother of Emperors influenced the court, usually behind the scenes
  • Empress Wu was witty, intelligent, beautiful, mother to the heir of the throne (held significant sway at court), became empress after her husband (Li Shimin) died in 705. She established the Wu Zhou Dynasty, the secret police, had biographies written on famous women, and elevated Buddhism and Daoism (however by the mid 800s the Tang state persecuted Buddhists)
41
Q

The Green Revolution Under the Tang

A
  • China received crops carried by Muslim traders, particularly rice
  • Included Champa Rice
  • need for water filled engineers to establish new methods of farming, such as hillside paddy fields and water lifting devices
42
Q

Fall of the Tang

A
  • In 750, China was the best administer Empire in the world
  • Tang, Silla and Yamato state interacted and blended both religious and political ideologies
  • Abbasids also began moving into China
  • Battle of Talas in 751 emboldened the Sogdians and Tibetans’ to challenge the Tang (Tang retreated)
  • Tang toppled in 907
43
Q

The Song Dynasty

A
  • In 960 the Song Dynasty reunified China after the fall of the Tang (ruled until 1279)
  • Imperial officials enforced the policies of the empire (civil service exams)
  • agricultural productivity included metal working (iron plows and water buffalo), which lead to population growth of 40% of the world as opposed to 25%
44
Q

Manufacturing and Commercialization Under the Song

A
  • artisans produced new goods for the market (cast iron goods which equaled 1700s European quality); also made porcelain, silk textiles, and created gunpowder
  • intensity of commerce led to currency problems where they weren’t able to mint enough coins, therefore producing flying cash, or paper money
45
Q

China: Trade Networks

A
  • The Grand Canal (Sui - Yuan Dynasty) connected north and south
  • naval innovations (compass, navigation charts, junk ships)
  • The Silk Road (Han) connected China to Afro-Eurasia overland
46
Q

Social Organization

A
  • emperor, scholars, farmers, artisans, merchants
  • Confucian beliefs emphasized filial piety and patriarchy
  • women were subordinate to men and foot binding became a status symbol
47
Q

Intellectual Developments

A
  • invention of printing and expanding the availability of books (woodblocks and moveable type)
  • new forms of gunpowder (bombs, firelances, and guns)
48
Q

Origins of Islam

A
  • started in 600s Arabia (mostly polytheistic and leaned towards the ancient Sumerian and Babylonian powers)
  • many tribes with a tradition of raiding
  • center of idol worship was Ka’bah (House of God) in Mecca
  • Mecca was a powerful economic hub and a center for pilgrimage
49
Q

Muhamad

A
  • born to well respected merchant family in 570, so cam in contact with Christian and Jewish traders
  • In 610 went on a spiritual journey to Mt. Hira that was later called the “Night of Power” (Gabriel/Jibril came to him with a series of revelation that became the path of Islam)
  • Islam was based on submission, acceptance, and commitment to God
  • his relations were not accepted in Mecca (compassion, afterlife, Allah)
  • in 622 Muhammad and his “Band of Faithful” escaped to Yathrib/Medina (time when Islamic Calendar begins)
  • established a constitutional between Jews and Christians living in Medina (Ummah collective community, five pillars of faith and Quran)
50
Q

Women in Pre-Islamic Arabia and Post Islam

A
  • could hold a variety of occupations
  • could marry more than one husband if wealthy enough
  • men married into women’s families and moved into those families
  • however, Muhammad’s personal beliefs changed (married his companions wives after they died, insisted on them veiling themselves for modesty, married his favorite wife when she was 9-10 years old)
  • the Quran gave women some protection (half of men’s property inheritance, received dowries, respect from men even if they had multiple wives)
51
Q

The Death of Muhammad and Pax Islamica

A
  • Muhammad dies in 632 and the four”Rightly Guided Caliphs” rule the expanding Muslim state (institutionalize the faith)
52
Q

Spread of Islam

A
  • muslim armies who came from Europe to India rapidly conquered territory in the 600 to the 700s
    -Sufis and merchants introduced Islam to other civilizations since it appealed to common people and adapted to other cultures (Sufism is emotional and mystial form of Islam)
  • Trans-Saharan trade routes moved it to West Africa, Indian Ocean trade spread it to Southeast Asia
53
Q

Appeal of Islam during the Abbasid

A

-Converts paid less taxes
-Converts had increased power and status
-Converts welcomed the single all power god
-Converts were part of the singular community
-Converts only had to follow one code of laws

54
Q
A

AP World Per 3 (5 decks)

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