Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kaplan Biology Review > 1.1-1.2 > Flashcards

1.1-1.2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four fundamental tenets of cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells
  2. The cell is the basic functional unit of life
  3. Cells arise only from preexisting cells
  4. Genetic information is carried in DNA form and passed from parent to daughter cell.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the dilemma between cell theory and viruses?

A

Viruses are small structures with genetic material but cant reproduce on their own.

3rd and 4th tenet is violated as virions can only replicate by invading other organisms and because they contain RNA as their genetic info

This is why viruses are not considered living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the major organelles in a eukaryotic cell?

A 
Nucleus
Mitochondrion
Lysosome
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Peroxisomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the function of the nucleus?

A

Store genetic information

Site of transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the structure of the Mitochondria

A

2 Layers + 1 in-between space

Outer Membrane - Barrier between cytosol and inner environment of mito

Inner Membrane -Numerous infoldings called Cristae. Space within is Mitochondrial Matrixs

Intermembrane Space- space between inner and outer membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the cytosol allow for?

A

Diffusion of molecules throughout the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is apoptosis

A

Programmed Cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Relate Apoptosis and the mitochondria

A

One function of the mitochondria is it can choose to releease its enzymes from the ETC thus kickstarting apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does the mitochondria differ from other cell parts

A

It’s semi-autonomous

Has some of its own genes and can replicate independently of the nucleus via binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Detail the Inner Membrane of the mitochondria

A

Inner layer of the mitochondria made up of Cristae

Cristae are highly convoluted, infolded structures that increase surface area for ETC enzymes. Contains molecules and enzymes for ETC

Space within is called the Mitochondrial Matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the Mitochondria Matrix?

A

Space within the Inner Membrane of the mito
Where protons get pumped to the Intermembrane space creating proton-motive force

Protons flow through ATP Synthase to generate ATP during oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does the mitochondria differ from other cell parts?

A

It’s semi-autonomous

Has some of its own genes and can replicate independently of the nucleus via binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the Serial Endosymbiosis Theory?

A

Theory explaining formation of some of the membrane-bound organelles of the cell

Posits that organelles were formed by engulfing one prokaryotic by another establishing a symbiotic relationship between the two

Chloroplasts in plant cells and motility organelles are believe to have evolved this way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the cytosol

A

Semifluid enclosed by the cell membrane that suspends the cell’s organelles

Allows for diffusion of molecules throughout the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is exocytosis

A

Secretion of secretory vesicles from the golgi apparatus containing products to be shipped off to other cellular destinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Discuss relative distribution of organelles across cells

A

Not all cells have the same organelle distribution
Form will follow function
Cells needing higher E for locomotion have more mito’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Detail Lysosomes

A

Membrane bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down many different substrates, including substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products

These hydrolytic enzymes can be used to:
Prevent cell damage
Autolysis resulting in apoptosis

18
Q

Detail Lysosome functions

A

Prevent cell damage by using its hydrolytic enzymes

Autolysis - Release same hydrolytic enzymes to degrade cellular components resulting in apoptosis

19
Q

Relate lysomes and autolysis

A

Membrane bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down many different substrates, including substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products

Autolysis - Release same hydrolytic enzymes to degrade cellular components resulting in apoptosis

20
Q

Detail the Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Series of interconnected membranes contiguous with the nuclear envelope
Single membrane of the ER is folded into lots of invaginations making complex structures with a central lumen

Two types:
Rough ER - Studded with ribosomes
Permits translation of proteins destined for secretion directly into its lumen

Smooth ER - No Ribosomes
Primarily for lipid synthesis and detoxification of certain drugs and poisons
Transports proteins from RER to goli apparatus

21
Q

Detail the types of ER and their functions

A

Rough ER - Studded with ribosomes
Permits translation of proteins destined for secretion directly into its lumen

Smooth ER - No Ribosomes
Primarily for lipid synthesis and detoxification of certain drugs and poisons
Transports proteins from RER to goli apparatus

22
Q

Detail the Golgi Apparatus

A

Made of stacked membrane-bound sacs
Materials from ER are transported here in vesicles for modification
Modifications include:
Addition of various groups including carbs, phosphates, and sulfates
Addition of signal sequences that affect delivery or products to specific cellular locations

After modification and sorting, cellular products repacked in vesicles for transport to their location.

If product is to be secreted, secretory vesicles merge with cell membrane and are released via EXOCYTOSIS

23
Q

Relate exocytosis and the golgi apparatus

A

Exocytosis is the release of secretory vesicles holding cellular products from the golgi aparatus

24
Q

Detail Peroxisomes and their functions

A

Contains Hydrogen Peroxide
Function:
Breaking of very long chain FA’s by B-oxidation
Participate in synthesis of phospholipids
Contains some of the enzymes for PPP

25
Q

What is the cytoskeleton

A

Provides structure to the cell and helps to maintain its shape
Provides a conduit for the transport of materials around the cell
3 components: Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate filaments

26
Q

What are the components of the cytoskeleton

A

3 components:
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments

27
Q

Detail microfilaments

A

1 of 3 components of the cytoskeleton
Made of actin
Help in Cytokinesis

28
Q

What is actin and relate it to microfilaments

A

Solid polymerized rods

Actin filaments are organized into bundles and networks and are resistant to both compression and fracture thus providing protection for the cell

Actin filaments can also use ATP to generate movement force by interaction with Myosin Example - muscle contraction

29
Q

What is cytokinesis and relate it to microfilaments

A

Cytokinesis - division of materials between daughter cells

During mitosis, the cleavage furrow is formed from microfilaments

Organize as a ring at the site of division between two new daughter cells

As the actin filaments in the ring contract, the ring becomes smaller eventually pinching off the connection between the two daughter cells

30
Q

What are microtubules

A

Hollow polymers of tubulin proteins

Radiate throughout cell providing pathways along which motor proteins like KINESIN and DYNEIN carry vesicles

Examples of motile structures made of filaments: Cilia and Flagella

Have a 9+2 structure
Structure of cilia and flagella
9 pairs of microtubules forming an outer ring + 2 microtubules in the center

Seen only in eukaryotic organelles of motility / Bacteria flagella are completely different in structure and chemical composition

31
Q

Define 9+2 structure in relation to microtubules

A

Structure of cilia and flagella
9 pairs of microtubules forming an outer ring + 2 microtubules in the center
Seen only in eukaryotic organelles of motility / Bacteria flagella are completely different in structure and chemical composition

32
Q

What are centrioles

A

Contain in region of the call called CENTROSOME Organizing centers for microtubules
Structured as nine triplets of microtubules with a hollow center

During mitosis, centrioles migrate to opposite poles of the dividing cell and organize the mitotic spindle

The microtubules emanating from the centrioles attach to the chromosome via complexes called KINETOCHORES and can exert force on the sister chromatids pulling them apart

33
Q

What are intermediate filaments

A

Filamentous proteins including keratin and desmin

Many involved in cell-cell adhesion or maintaining overall cytoskeleton integrity

Able to withstand a tremendous amount of tension making cell structure more rigit

Help anchor other organelles, including the nucleus

Identity of IF proteins within a cell is specific to cell and tissue type

34
Q

Relate tissue formation and its relation to Eukaryotic cells

A

Unique characteristic of euky cells is the formation of tissues with division of labor, as different cells in a tissue may carry out different functions

35
Q

What are the four types of tissues

A

Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscle
Nervous Tissue

36
Q

Discuss epithelial tissue

A

1 of the 4 type of tissues
Covers body and lines its cavities providing protection vs pathogens and desiccation

Involved n absorption, secretion, and sensation in certain organs

Highly diverse and serve numerous functions depending on the idenity of the organ which they are found

Epitherlial cells are often polarized
One side face lumen (hollow inside of an organ or tube OR outside world
Other side interacts with blood vessels and structural cells

BASEMENT MEMBRANE - underlying layer of connective tissue of epithelial cells tightly joined to each other. This allows the epithelial cells to remain one cohesive unit

PARENCHYMA - Functional parts of an organ that most epithelial cells make up
Ex - nephrons in kidney, hepatocytes in the liver

37
Q

Define Basement Membrane and its relation to Epithelial tissue

A

Underlying layer of connective tissue of epithelial cells tightly joined to each other. This allows the epithelial cells to remain one cohesive unit

38
Q

Define Parenchyma and its relation to Epithelial tissue

A

Functional parts of an organ that most epithelial cells make up
Ex - nephrons in kidney, hepatocytes in the liver

39
Q

Define how epithelial tissues are classified

A

Number of layers
SIMPLE EPITHELIA - 1 layer of cells
STRATIFIED EPITHELIA - multiple layers
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIA - appear to have multiple layers due to cell height differences but are in all reality 1 layer

Shape of cell
CUBOIDAL cells - cube shaped
COLUMNAR cells - long and thin
SQUAMOUS cells - flat and scale like

40
Q

Define Connective Tissue

A

1 of the 4 types of tissue
Supports body and provides framework for epi cells to carry out their funcdtions
Main contributors to STROMA (Support structure)
Analogous to Epi cells contributing to parenchyma Ex: Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and blood

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX - most cells in connective tissue produce and secrete materials such as collagen and elastin to form this

41
Q

Define Intermediate filaments

A

Filamentous proteins including keratin and desmin

Many involved in cell-cell adhesion or maintaining overall cytoskeleton integrity

Able to withstand a tremendous amount of tension making cell structure more rigit

Help anchor other organelles, including the nucleus
Identity of IF proteins within a cell is specific to cell and tissue type

42
Q

What is the extraceullar matrix and its relation to connective tissue

A

Most cells in connective tissue produce and secrete materials such as collagen and elastin to form this

Kaplan Biology Review (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions