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pe paper 1 > 1.1 > Flashcards

1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the all or none law

A

when stimulated all the fibres within a motor unit contract completely or not at all

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2
Q

how a warm up would affect speed and strength of skeletal muscle contractions (10)

A

increase *C muscle; greater force/speed contraction; increase elasticity/flexibility/RoM; reduce viscosity of muscles; more efficient contraction; increase speed nerve transmission; increase speed muscle relaxation; increase motor unit recruitment/coordination; increased antagonistic muscle pair coordination; increase enzyme activity

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3
Q

what causes extension at the hip

A

gluteus maximus

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4
Q

how the function of type 2b fibres suit the performance of a discus throw (2)

A

large force contraction SO higher power/discus travels greater discus; high speed of contraction SO discus released at high speed/stay in air for longer

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5
Q

describe nervous stimulation of a motor unit (6)

A

action potential travels down axon; release of Na+ causes depolarisation; ACh released, travels across synaptic cleft; if electrical charge is above threshold; impulse stimulates muscle fibres to contract; all or none law means all fibres in motor unit contract

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6
Q

main agonist of hip abduction

A

gluteus medius/minimus

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7
Q

explain how neural control of breathing causes tidal volume to increase in exercise (5)

A

sternocleidomastoid/pecs minor; receptors to RCC; ICC stimulates nerves to increase depth of breathing; phrenic nerve stimulates diaphragm to contract more storngly; intercostal nerves stimulate external IC muscles to contract w more force

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8
Q

why a trained athlete will have lower minute ventilation than untrained, despite identical tidal vols (3)

A

more efficient gas exchange; higher RBC/mitochondria/capillary; lower breathing frequency

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9
Q

identify 3 neural receptors, explain how each regulate HR

A

chemo: detect increase acidity/CO2 cause HR to increase; proprio: detect movement changes cause HR to increase; baro: detect increase blood Pa cause HR to decrease

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10
Q

explain how venous return mechanisms can aid venous return and prevent blood pooling (6)

A

they increase blood back to heart; increase removal waste products; pocket valves prevent black flow of blood; skeletal muscle pump cause leg muscles contract squeezing veins; smooth muscle in walls of veins contract; respiratory pump cause Pa differences in thoracic cavity (all aid movement of blood)

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11
Q

how changes in distribution of blood to muscles and organs is achieved in exercise (5)

A

increase CO mean greater vol blood to muscle; to muscle: vasodilation arterioles, dilation pre capillary sphcinters; organs: vasoconstriction arterioles, constriction pre capillary sphcinters

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12
Q

how changes in mechanics of breathing in exercise would enhance performance of an endurance swimmer (7)

A

external ICs/diaphragm contract more force which increase vol thoracic more; greater decrease Pa which means more air in; sterno../pecs minor mean more air in; internals ICs/rectus ab reduce vol thoracic; increase Pa in lungs means air forced out; expiration is active to increase breath rate; greater vol air in/out means more O2 to muscles

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13
Q

compare gas exchange at muscles during exercise to rest (6)

A

in exercise pO2 is lower in muscles than rest; pCO2 higher in muscles than rest; steeper diffusion gradient during exercise; O2/CO2 diffuses at a faster rate in exercise; bohr shift; O2 dissociates from Hb more readily in exercise

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14
Q

cardiac output for performer at rest

A

4-6l/min

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15
Q

cardiac output for performer in maximal exercise

A

20-40l/min

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16
Q

how conduction system of heart controls systolic phase of cardiac cycle (6)

A

SA node sends impulse; causes atrial systole; blood forced atria to ventricles; impulse travels to AV node; impulse continues down bundle of his and to purkinjie fibres; causes ventricular systole; blood ejected from ventricles

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17
Q

process of O2 diffusion at alveoli during exercise (6)

A

O2 diffuses high to low pPa; higher pO2 in alveoli; muscles use more O2 in exercise; so lower pO2 in blood; steeper pO2 gradient; faster rate of diffusion of O2 from alveoli to blood

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18
Q

how increase venous return in exercise affects quality of performance (7)

A

cause walls of atria to stretch; stimulate SA node to increase rate of impulses; cause walls of ventricles to stretch/increase end diastolic vol; cause stronger force of contraction; increase SV/CO; increase O2 blood supply to muscles; delay fatigue/OBLA

19
Q

short term effects of exercise on gas exchange at alveoli (7)

A

in exercise blood at lungs has lower pO2; air in alveoli has higher pO2; gas diffuse high to low; more O2 diffuses alveoli to blood; blood at lungs has higher pCO2; air in alveoli has lower pCO2; more CO2 diffuses blood to alveoli

20
Q

intrinsic control of heart during exercise (7)

A

increase venous return/more blood into R atria; R atrium stretches; causes SA to increase rate; increases end diastolic vol; more blood enter L ventricle cause to stretch/recoil more force; increases SV; increase *C increases HR; increase *C increases speed of nerve impulse

21
Q

why more O2 dissociates from blood into muscle cell in exercise (9)

A

O2 moves high to low pO2; muscles use more O2 in exercise; more O2 dissociates from Hb/bohr shift; lower pO2 in muscle; high pO2 in blood; greater Pa/diffusion gradient; increase muscle/blood *C; increase CO2 in muscle; increase acidity

22
Q

explain changes to SV in exercise (5)

A

SV dependent on venous return; increase VR=increase SV; at high HR reduced filling time of the heart; smaller end diastolic volume; heart only partially filled (SV plateau)

23
Q

discuss that there are many factors that influence positioning (of netball) on energy continuum (6)

A

position on court; standard of game; tactics; motivation to win/effort/importance of game

24
Q

compare energy expenditure and intake of elite to untrained (5)

A

elite will have greater expend due to demands of training; so intake will need to be greater; to maintain energy balance; higher carb than average eg marathon; increased protein for muscle repair than average eg rugby; reduced fat than average eg gymnast to prevent weight gain

25
Q

what is the energy continuum (2)

A

relative contribution of each energy system during activity; dependent on intensity and duration

26
Q

describe predominant energy system when doing long jump (8)

A

ATP-PC; PC breakdown releases energy; energy used to resynthesise ATP; using coupled reaction/exo and endo; anaerobic; creatine kinase; sarcoplasm of muscle cell; 1:1 yield

27
Q

describe effects of high altitude on performance in aerobic and anaerobic (8)

A

lower pO2 at altitude; increase breathing frequency; decrease blood plasma vol; decrease SV; decrease max CO; reduce VO2max/ aerobic capacity/ Pa gradient; lower performance in aerobic; improve performance anaerobic

28
Q

short term effects of performing high altitude on CV system (7)

A

increase HR; decrease SV; decrease max CO; decrease blood plasma vol; reduced Hb saturation; decrease O2 to muscle; decrease diffusion gradient

29
Q

short term effects of performing high altitude on respiratory system (4)

A

increase tidal vol; increase breathing frequency; decrease pO2 of inspired air; decrease O2 diffusion from alveoli to blood

30
Q

explain what is meant by CV drift (5)

A

potential side effect of exercise in hot climate; leads to increased HR at given intensity; reduced plasma vol due to water loss; means reduce SV; to maintain CO HR has to increase

31
Q

explain principle of coupled reaction using ATP-PC as an example (5)

A

products of one reaction are used in a second reaction; first reaction is exothermic; PC–>P+C+energy; second reaction is endo and uses energy from first; energy+ADP+P–>ATP

32
Q

define energy, identify unit

A

ability to perform work or put mass into motion, joules, J

33
Q

describe how O2 availability determine which energy system is used (4)

A

if O2 available aerobic predominant; O2 not available anaerobic predominant (ATP-PC/glycolytic); if short duration not enough time to transport O2 to muscles so anaerobic predominant (ATP-PC); if O2 falls below requirements glycolytic predominant

34
Q

define power, identity unit

A

rate at which work can be done/ P= force x velocity; watts, W

35
Q

explain role of ATP in providing energy for muscle contraction (7)

A

only usable form of energy in human body; phosphate bonds are high energy; ATP broken down to release energy/ATP –> ADP+P+energy; exo reaction; ATPase; can be re synthesised; breakdown and re synthesis is reversible

36
Q

describe how fuel availability determine which energy system is used (5)

A

if sufficient PC, ATP-PC predominant for high intensity short duration; PC stores deplete quickly in very high intensity so only predominant up to 10s; if glycogen/glucose present aerobic or glycolytic predominant dependent on intensity; greater glycogen stores, longer aerobic can be predominant; fats available aerobic would be predominant

37
Q

identify processes during fast component of EPOC (2)

A

resynthesise ATP/PC; replenish myoglobin with O2

38
Q

why glycolytic cant be sustained for more than several minutes (3)

A

lactic acid causes fatigue/OBLA; increase acidity; denatures enzymes/decrease ATP re synthesis

39
Q

explain why ATP plays major role in performance of smash in badminton (2)

A

ATP breakdown provides immediate energy/release energy quickly; ATP breakdown provides energy for very high intensity/explosive/powerful

40
Q

how predominance of each muscle fibre type may impact performance (4)

A

slow twitch for endurance; fast oxidative glycolytic for muscular endurance; fast glycolytic for speed/strength/power; mixture would benefit games player as it gives combo of speed, muscular endurance and stamina

41
Q

explain role of sternocleidomastoid muscle in respiration during exercise (7)

A

contracts during inspiration; cause ribcage to move up and out; greater increase in vol thoracic cavity; cause greater drop in Pa in lungs; more air drawn into lungs; relax during expiration; allow ribcage move down and in

42
Q

explain how and why vascular shunt mechanism redistributes blood in cyclist at start of event (8)

A

using vasomotor control; vasodilation arterioles + dilation pre capillary sphcinters to working leg muscles; vasoconstriction arterioles + constriction pre capillary sphcinters to organs/upper body; working leg muscle need more O2; muscles upper body + organs need less O2

43
Q

sketch graph to show changes in minute ventilation at rest, during 10 min moderate intensity exercise and for 5 min recovery (5)

A

rest above 0; slight increase just before exercise; rapid increase in exercise; plateau for at least half the exercise period; rapid decrease in recovery

pe paper 1 (3 decks)

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