1.1

Question 1

define values

Answer 1

• general principles and guidelines for how we should live our lives. tell us what’s good/ bad, right/wrong

Question 2

define norms

Answer 2

• specific rules or socially accepted standards that govern people’s behavior in situations.

Question 3

example of values

Answer 3

• the respect for human life
• respecting elders
• individual’s accumulating personal wealth (in UK/US)
• individual’s sharing wealth (native American)

Question 4

example of norms

Answer 4

respecting elders:
- specific rules how elders are meant to be approached (forbidden to look directly at them while speaking, interuptting them, disobey/ disagree with them)

Question 5

define moral codes

Answer 5

a set of basic rules, values, or principles held by an individual group, organization or society.

Question 6

example of moral codes

Answer 6

• police code of ethics is a written guide to core principles and standards that officers must uphold and follow.

Question 7

what are the key features in the police code

Answer 7

• accountability - respect
• integrity - honesty
• openness - objectivity
• fairness - selflessness
• leadership

Question 8

define deviance

Answer 8

• any behavior that differs from normal. Unusual or uncommon behavior

Question 9

examples of deviance

Answer 9

• good - risking own life to save someone else
• bizarre - talking to trees, hoarding boxes
• disapproved
  of - physically attacking someone for no reason.

Question 10

what are the forms of deviance

Answer 10

• societies have different rules/ deviance. and can take many forms
• ranges from rape, murder etc, or simply jumping a queue

Question 11

define formal sanctions

Answer 11

• sanctions imposed by official bodies such as police, schools, courts etc.
• they’re punishments for breaking formal written rules/ laws. eg courts fining an offender for theft, schools suspending or excluding for bullying

Question 12

define informal sanctions

Answer 12

• used when rules aren’t formally written down and are ‘unspoken’.
• consequences such as being shown disapproval, not speaking to them, telling off, slap on the wrist.

Question 13

what are positives sanctions

Answer 13

• rewards for good behaviors that society approves of
• eg medals for bravery, praise from parents or teachers
• can be formal or informal

Question 14

define social control

Answer 14

• all sanctions, formal or informal, positive or negative are all forms of social control.

Question 15

what is ‘actus reus’ latin for

Answer 15

‘guilty act’

Question 16

what is ‘mens rea’ latin for

Answer 16

a ‘guilty mind’

Question 17

define strict liability

Answer 17

• in some cases, mens rea is not required - the act alone is enough to convict.
• factory owner who is negliant and fails to safeguard machienery is liable for injuries to workers resulting from this
• most strict liability offences are regulatory offences. aim at regulating how businesses behave.
• also applies in situations such as speeding or driving without a license. = offences even if unintended

Question 18

what is self- defense

Answer 18

• assaulting someone (an acteus reus) with deliberation to harm someone (mens rea) is usually criminal act. however if done in self defense, its not a crime.
  (as long as force is reasonable)

Question 19

why do some people have differing views

Answer 19

• some people have different views of what they think are ‘actual crimes’, compared with legal definitions of crimes.
  eg people who commit these crimes (fare-dodging, breaking speed limit, soft drugs), may not see themselves as criminals.

Question 20

why are some criminal laws not enforced

Answer 20

• because they are not on the list of priorities for police.