10s: Nutrition Flashcards

Question

trace element extra notes

Answer 1

* Haemochromatosis can result in **infertility** * Cereals are fortified with **iodine** * Caeruloplasmin is a copper-binding protein

Answer 2

* 50% carbohydrates * 33% fat (western diets have gradually increased in fat) * 17% protein

Answer 3

reduced adiponectin → insulin resistance (i.e. in obese people) ## Footnote anti-hunger = insulin, leptin, PYY (made in intestines, increases after eating a meal) hunger = gherkin

Answer 4

reduced adiponectin → insulin resistance (i.e. in obese people) ## Footnote anti-hunger = insulin, leptin, PYY (made in intestines, increases after eating a meal) hunger = gherkin

Answer 5

* weight * BMI (25-30 overweight, \>30 obese, \>40 morbid obesity) * waist-hip ratio * waist circumference (linked to CHD risk)

Answer 6

* Increased risk of mortality with extreme low BMI and extreme high BMI

Answer 7

OSA common issue increases risk of 12 types of cancer **Western diet = increased fat, decreased CHO**

Answer 8

_protein synthesis, breakdown, oxidation_ **indispensable** (can't be made in diet and must be obtained from diet i.e. leucine) **conditionally indispensable (**AAs needed at certain parts of life, some can't be synthesised when young, foetus needs certain AAs in pregnancy e.g. cysteine) **dispensable** (the body can product them) → 5 of these i.e. alanine

Answer 9

* Nitrogen excretion and balance * Tracer techniques

Answer 10

Polyunsaturated fatty acids **(PUFA)** are good lipids * I.E. essential fatty acids (EFA) **Trans-fatty acids** are bad Dietary fat determines LDL cholesterol * Patients with high saturated fat → high LDLs * Patients with high intake of PUFA → lower cholesterol (mainly LDL) Increased HDL is associated with **reduced ischaemic heart disease risk** * Women have higher HDL levels * **Alcohol** can cause an increase in HDLs * Obesity lowers HDLs

Answer 11

* Should be **40-80%** of energy intake * CHO → polymerise into sugar, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides * _80%_ of carbohydrate intake should be **complex** carbohydrates * _20%_ should be simple carbohydrates (from good sources such as fruit) * **Non-starch polysaccharides = fibre (**this is not absorbed but helps bulk up the stools)

Answer 12

1. fasting glucose \>6 mmol/L 2. HDL \<1, \<1.3 3. HTN \> 135/80 4. Microalbumin, IR 5. WC = \>102, \>88

Answer 13

**Exclude endocrine causes** * Hypothyroidism * Cushing's syndrome * Acromegaly Exclude complications of obesity Educate Diet and exercise Medical therapy * **Orlistat** (pancreatic lipase inhibitor) * **GLP-1** (causes a feeling of satiety) Surgical therapy

Answer 14

Adjustable band Roux-en-Y gastric bypass duodenal jejunal sleeve

Answer 15

* Silicone ring put around top of the stomach * Silicone ring is attached to a port that sits in the adipose tissue near the stomach * Needle can be inserted into port and fluid adjusted * WARNING: the band can **erode into the mucosa**

Answer 16

* The stomach is made much smaller * The first part of the duodenum and most of the stomach is bypassed * The second part of the intestine is connected to the small stomach * This can cause **rapid resolution of T2DM**

Answer 17

* This can be inserted with an endoscope → allow food to bypass the duodenum (no mix with bile salts * It **can only stay in for a year**

Answer 18

**Marasmus = lack of CHO intake, lipids and protein** * shrivelled * severe muscle wasting * growth retarded * no SC-fat **Kwashiorkor = protein deficiency** * oedematous * lethargic * protein deficient * scaling/ulcerated * large liver, SC-fat