10MAT Statistics Revision

Question 1

What does PPDAC stand for in statistics?

Answer 1

Problem, Plan, Data, Analysis, Conclusion

Question 2

True or False: The first step in the PPDAC cycle is to analyze the data.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Fill in the blank: The _____ step of the PPDAC cycle involves defining the issue or question to be investigated.

Answer 3

Problem

Question 4

What is the main purpose of the ‘Plan’ step in PPDAC?

Answer 4

To outline how data will be collected and what methods will be used.

Question 5

In the PPDAC cycle, what comes after ‘Data’?

Answer 5

Analysis

Question 6

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a component of the PPDAC cycle? A) Data B) Results C) Problem D) Conclusion

Answer 6

B) Results

Question 7

True or False: The conclusion in the PPDAC cycle summarizes the findings and suggests further research.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

What type of data is useful for statistical analysis?

Answer 8

Quantitative and qualitative data

Question 9

Define ‘sample’ in the context of statistics.

Answer 9

A subset of a population used to represent the entire population.

Question 10

What is the difference between population and sample?

Answer 10

Population includes all members of a specified group, while a sample is a smaller group selected from the population.

Question 11

Fill in the blank: A _____ is a visual representation of data that shows the frequency of data points.

Answer 11

Histogram

Question 12

What is the purpose of a box plot?

Answer 12

To display the distribution of data based on a five-number summary.

Question 13

True or False: The mean is always greater than the median in a skewed distribution.

Answer 13

False

Question 14

What does the term ‘outlier’ refer to in statistics?

Answer 14

A data point that is significantly different from other observations.

Question 15

Multiple Choice: Which measure of central tendency is most affected by outliers? A) Mean B) Median C) Mode

Answer 15

A) Mean

Question 16

What is a variable in statistics?

Answer 16

A characteristic or attribute that can take on different values.

Question 17

Fill in the blank: A _____ variable is one that can take on any value within a range.

Answer 17

Continuous

Question 18

What is a categorical variable?

Answer 18

A variable that can be divided into groups or categories.

Question 19

True or False: The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a data set.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What is the purpose of using a scatter plot?

Answer 20

To show the relationship between two quantitative variables.

Question 21

Define ‘correlation’ in statistics.

Answer 21

A statistical measure that describes the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.

Question 22

What is the range of a data set?

Answer 22

The difference between the highest and lowest values.

Question 23

Multiple Choice: Which of the following represents the middle value in a data set? A) Mean B) Median C) Mode

Answer 23

B) Median

Question 24

Fill in the blank: The _____ is a measure of how spread out the values in a data set are.

Answer 24

Standard deviation

Question 25

What does a high standard deviation indicate?

Answer 25

That the data points are spread out over a wider range of values.

Question 26

True or False: A smaller standard deviation means the data points are more clustered around the mean.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

What is the purpose of hypothesis testing?

Answer 27

To determine if there is enough evidence to reject a null hypothesis.

Question 28

Define 'null hypothesis'.

Answer 28

A statement that there is no effect or no difference, and it is the hypothesis that researchers aim to test against.

Question 29

What is a type I error?

Answer 29

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true.

Question 30

What is a type II error?

Answer 30

Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false.

Question 31

Fill in the blank: A _____ is a statement predicting the outcome of a statistical test.

Answer 31

Hypothesis

Question 32

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is used to summarize data? A) Data collection B) Data analysis C) Data visualization

Answer 32

C) Data visualization

Question 33

What is the significance level in hypothesis testing?

Answer 33

The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true, commonly denoted as alpha (α).

Question 34

What does a p-value indicate?

Answer 34

The strength of evidence against the null hypothesis.

Question 35

True or False: A p-value less than 0.05 usually indicates statistical significance.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Define 'confidence interval'.

Answer 36

A range of values that is likely to contain the population parameter with a certain level of confidence.

Question 37

What is the 95% confidence interval?

Answer 37

An interval estimate that means we are 95% confident that the true population parameter lies within it.

Question 38

Fill in the blank: The _____ is the value that separates the highest 25% of data from the lowest 75%.

Answer 38

Third quartile

Question 39

What is a frequency distribution?

Answer 39

A summary of how often each value occurs in a data set.

Question 40

Multiple Choice: In a normal distribution, what shape does the graph take? A) Skewed B) Bell-shaped C) Linear

Answer 40

B) Bell-shaped

Question 41

True or False: In a normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are all equal.

Answer 41

True

Question 42

What is the purpose of descriptive statistics?

Answer 42

To summarize and describe the main features of a data set.

Question 43

Define 'inferential statistics'.

Answer 43

Methods that allow us to make generalizations or predictions about a population based on a sample.

Question 44

Fill in the blank: An _____ is a graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data.

Answer 44

Histogram

Question 45

What is the purpose of a pie chart?

Answer 45

To show the proportion of categories in a whole.

Question 46

What is a stem-and-leaf plot?

Answer 46

A method of displaying quantitative data in a graphical format, similar to a histogram.

Question 47

Multiple Choice: Which measure of variability is the average of the squared differences from the mean? A) Variance B) Standard deviation C) Range

Answer 47

A) Variance

Question 48

What is the interquartile range (IQR)?

Answer 48

The difference between the first quartile (Q1) and the third quartile (Q3).

Question 49

True or False: A skewed distribution has one tail longer than the other.

Answer 49

True

Question 50

What does 'normal distribution' refer to?

Answer 50

A probability distribution that is symmetric about the mean.

Question 51

Fill in the blank: The _____ is the value that separates the lowest 25% of data from the highest 75%.

Answer 51

First quartile

Question 52

What is a bimodal distribution?

Answer 52

A distribution with two different modes.

Question 53

Define 'outlier' in a statistical context.

Answer 53

A data point that lies outside the overall pattern of distribution.

Question 54

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a graphical representation of the relationship between two quantitative variables? A) Bar chart B) Scatter plot C) Pie chart

Answer 54

B) Scatter plot

Question 55

What is a 'data set'?

Answer 55

A collection of related data points organized for analysis.

Question 56

True or False: The median is less affected by extreme values than the mean.

Answer 56

True

Question 57

Fill in the blank: A _____ is a type of graph that uses bars to represent categorical data.

Answer 57

Bar chart

Question 58

What is the purpose of data collection?

Answer 58

To gather information that is relevant to the research question.

Question 59

Define 'random sampling'.

Answer 59

A sampling method where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Question 60

What does 'systematic sampling' involve?

Answer 60

Selecting every nth member of the population.

Question 61

Multiple Choice: Which sampling technique involves dividing the population into subgroups? A) Stratified sampling B) Random sampling C) Convenience sampling

Answer 61

A) Stratified sampling

Question 62

True or False: Convenience sampling is always the best method for data collection.

Answer 62

False

Question 63

What is observational study?

Answer 63

A study where the researcher observes and measures behavior without manipulating variables.

Question 64

Fill in the blank: A _____ variable is one that is manipulated or changed in an experiment.

Answer 64

Independent

Question 65

What is a dependent variable?

Answer 65

The variable that is measured in an experiment.

Question 66

Define 'control group'.

Answer 66

A group that does not receive the treatment or intervention in an experiment.

Question 67

What is the purpose of randomization in experiments?

Answer 67

To eliminate bias by randomly assigning subjects to different groups.

Question 68

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a measure of central tendency? A) Variance B) Mode C) Standard deviation

Answer 68

B) Mode

Question 69

What does 'data analysis' involve?

Answer 69

Interpreting and making sense of collected data to draw conclusions.

Question 70

True or False: Data visualization is not important in statistics.

Answer 70

False

Question 71

Fill in the blank: A _____ is a summary statistic that represents the center of a data set.

Answer 71

Measure of central tendency

Question 72

What is a qualitative variable?

Answer 72

A variable that describes a characteristic or quality.

Question 73

Define 'quantitative variable'.

Answer 73

A variable that can be measured numerically.

Question 74

What does 'frequency' refer to in statistics?

Answer 74

The number of times a particular value occurs in a data set.

Question 75

Fill in the blank: A _____ is a graphical display of data using rectangles to represent the frequency of categories.

Answer 75

Bar graph

Question 76

What does 'data interpretation' mean?

Answer 76

The process of making sense of numerical data and explaining its significance.

Question 77

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a statistical tool? A) Mean B) Mode C) Color

Answer 77

C) Color

Question 78

True or False: Statistical significance means that the results are important in a practical sense.

Answer 78

False