10hallmarks

Question 1

Sustaining Proliferative Signaling

Answer 1

Cancer cells continuously signal themselves or nearby cells to promote growth.

Question 2

Evading Growth Suppressors

Answer 2

Cancer cells avoid growth inhibitors like p53 and RB, allowing uncontrolled cell division.

Question 3

Resisting Cell Death (Apoptosis)

Answer 3

Cancer cells evade apoptosis by overexpressing anti-apoptotic proteins or avoiding pro-apoptotic signals.

Question 4

Enabling Replicative Immortality

Answer 4

Cancer cells activate telomerase to maintain telomere length, allowing cells to divide indefinitely.

Question 5

Inducing Angiogenesis

Answer 5

Cancer cells secrete VEGF and other factors to stimulate the growth of blood vessels, supplying the tumor with nutrients and oxygen.

Question 6

Activating Invasion and Metastasis

Answer 6

Cancer cells can break through tissue barriers, enter blood vessels, and spread to distant parts of the body.

Question 7

Deregulating Cellular Energetics

Answer 7

Cancer cells alter their metabolism (e.g., the Warburg effect) to provide energy and building blocks for fast proliferation.

Question 8

Avoiding Immune Destruction

Answer 8

Cancer cells can express immune checkpoint proteins like PD-L1, suppressing immune responses and evading immune surveillance.

Question 9

Genome Instability and Mutation

Answer 9

Cancer cells often have defects in DNA repair, leading to increased mutations and genetic instability, which drives tumor progression.

Question 10

Tumor-Promoting Inflammation

Answer 10

Chronic inflammation in the tumor microenvironment promotes growth, survival, and metastasis of cancer cells.

Question 11

10 hallmarks

Answer 11

Sustaining Proliferative Signaling, Evading Growth Suppressors, Resisting Cell Death (Apoptosis), Enabling Replicative Immortality, Inducing Angiogenesis, Activating Invasion and Metastasis, Deregulating Cellular Energetics, Avoiding Immune Destruction, Genome Instability and Mutation, Tumor-Promoting Inflammation.