Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

What are molds?

A
  • Multicellular organisms
  • Cell wall is made up of chitin
  • Reproduces asexually, sexually or both
  • Reproductive structure produces spores
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2
Q

Structure of molds

A
  • Hyphae
  • Mycelium
  • Spores
  • Sporangium
  • Sporangiophore
  • Stolon
  • Rhizoids
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3
Q

(Structure of molds) Function of components

A

Hyphae:

  • Vegetative hyphae - visible mass of growth on surfaces and penetrates it to digest and absorb nutrients
  • Reproductive hyphae - produce spores

Mycelium:
- extend the area in which the fruiting body can acquire nutrients

Spores:
- reproductive cells

Sporangium:
- reproductive structure where spores are formed

Stolon:
- Hyphae, connecting fungal bodies

Sporangiophore:
- reproductive hyphae, supports the sporangium

Rhizoids:
- anchoring the fungus into its substrates, releasing digestive enzymes

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4
Q

How is the mycelium formed?

A

The spore germinates to form a germ tube
Germ tube differentiates, grows and develops by mitosis to produce hyphae
Hyphae group together to form a mycelium

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5
Q

What is yeast?

A
  • Unicellular organism
  • Cell wall is made up of chitin
  • Reproduce asexually (by budding) or sexually
  • Form elongated buds aka pseudohyphae
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6
Q

Describe budding process

A

A small bud arises from the parent yeast cell
The nucleus and cytoplasm divides
One of the nuclei shifts to the bud, forming a daughter yeast cell
A chain of yeast cells would form over time

  • occurs when there is an abundance of nutrients in the environment
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7
Q

Fungal spores are able to spread easily, is this an advantage or disadvantage to humans?

A

Some molds species are involved in human mycotic diseases by primary cause of disease, accidental pathogens and opportunistic pathogens.
Some toxins released by some mold species can be fatal

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8
Q

Why is it difficult to control the spread of molds

A

Molds can grow on variety of surfaces
They reproduce via spores, which is easily dispersed and spread as they are small and light
Widespread dispersion makes isolation and decontamination difficult

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9
Q

List 3 differences between fungi and prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotes:

  • Intracellular membrane bound organelles are absent
  • Nucleus is absent
  • Cell wall material: peptidoglycan

Fungi:
- Intracellular membrane bound organelles are present
- Nucleus is present
Cell wall material: chitin

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10
Q

List 3 similarities between fungi and eukaryotes

A
  • Intracellular membrane-bound organelles are present
  • Nucleus is present
  • RIbosome size: 80S
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11
Q

What are the differences between saprobes and parasites?

A

Saprobes:

  • Source of nutrients: dead organic matter
  • Releases nutrients into the environment
  • Does not depend on a host

Parasites:

  • Source of nutrients: living cells in the host
  • Does not release nutrients into the environment
  • Dependent on host
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12
Q

Difference between facultative parasite and obligate parasite

A

Facultative parasites are able to live with or without a host
Obligate parasite depends on a host for survival and will die without one

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13
Q

Difference between ectoparasites and endoparasites

A

Ectoparasites live on the outside of the host while endoparasites live in the tissue/blood/organs of the host

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14
Q

Difference between bacterial endospore and fungal spore

A

Bacterial endospore:

  • Dormant structure
  • Present in prokaryotic bacteria
  • Germinate when suitable environment conditions gets fulfilled

Fungal spore:

  • Reproductive structures
  • Present in eukaryotic fungi
  • Are exospores that release to the exterior for sporulation
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15
Q

When does yeast undergo sexual reproduction?

A

Occurs when yeast go through high stress conditions
Haploid cells will die
Diploid cells will not die and will undergo sporulation, entering sexual reproduction and produce haploid cells

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16
Q

Differences between sporangiospores and conidiospores

A

Sporangiospores are produced and enclosed within a sporangium until maturity
Conidiospores are free spores, not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac and are exposed to the external environment

17
Q

Molds vs Yeast

A

Molds:

  • Multicellular
  • Filamentous
  • Sexual/Asexual spore

Yeast:

  • Unicellular
  • Non-filamentous (exist individually or with buds growing)
  • Sexual/Asexual (budding)