Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Age of Crusades 1: Background & First Crusade 1071-1099 (Blue) [Y12] > 1096-99: First Crusade > Flashcards

1096-99: First Crusade Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Urban II?

A

Pope from 1088-99
called for the First Crusade at Clemont

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was the Clermont council?

A

November 1095 church council where Urban II launched the First Crusade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the Holy Sepulchre?

A

Tomb where Jesus Christ was buried, holiest relic and pilgirmage site in Christianity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Pilgrimage?

A

Desire to travel to holy places, especially Jerusalem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Penance?

A

Act demonstrating an individual seeking forgiveness for sins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Remittance of Sins?

A

Promise made to crusaders that their previous sins would be wiped clean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What dilemma did knights face regarding their role in killing during the Crusades? What did this mean?

A

Knightly dilemma
The conflict between the duty to kill in battle and the religious fear of committing murder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who was a crusader motivated mostly by sincere religious devotion and was already wealthy?

A

Raymond of Toulouse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who was close to Urban II and represented him on the First Crusade?

A

Bishop Adhemar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What key motivating factor relating to land gains can be seen in the actions of crusaders? Who in particular?

A

Economic greed
Bohemond, Tancred, and Baldwin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What law became increasingly common, allowing eldest sons to inherit, leaving younger sons with little?

A

Primogeniture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What counter did J. Riley-Smith present for greed motivating the Crusades?

A

a knight would have had to raise five times his annual income to go crusade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Who was the Norman Crusader known for bravery and skill in battle, but hated by Alexius? Why?

A

Bohemond of Taranto
son of Robert Guiscard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who was Bohemond’s nephew and also sought lands and fortune during the Crusade? What problem did he face in Europe?

A

Tancred
knightly dilemma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who was the younger brother of Godfrey who left the church to become a knight?

A

Baldwin of Boulogne

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What major event significantly affected Europe, causing hardship for peasants and potentially encouraging them to join the Crusade?

A

Famine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What social tie facilitated the participation of many crusader leaders, including Baldwin and Tancred?

A

Feudal ties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who was an able warrior but a poor administrator, viewing the Crusade as a chance to restore his reputation?

A

Robert of Normandy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Who was motivated by social pressure from his wife and by the presence of kin on the Crusade?

A

Stephen of Blois

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happened in Constantinople before the First Crusade? Which leader objected?

A

crusader leaders forced to take an oath to Alexios ro return lands to Byzantium
Raymond of Toulouse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who was Kilij Arslan? Where was he defeated?

A

Sultan of Rum
Nicaea and Dorylaeum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What was the state of Muslim affairs during the arrival of the First Crusade?

A

Kilij Arslan was at war with Danishmends in Anatolia. This benefitted the crusade.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What city was the first target of the Crusade? When? What friction did this cause?

A

Nicaea
19th Jun 1097
surrendered to the Byzantines, and the crusaders felt left out and betrayed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How did Nicaea fall to the Crusaders?

A

1) Alexios rolled boats over land to block provisions (17th Jun 1097)

2) Manuel Boutoumites secretly negotiated their surrender

3) Taticius joined crusaders in assault, and Boutoumites claimed to do the same whilst they surrendered to him (19th Jun 1097)

4) Byz claim Boutoumites won by assault, seen as cowardly by crusaders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Who was Alexius's general and representative on Crusade? What was his role?
Taticius/Tatikios guide/diplomat in Anatolia and led a small force with the crusade to Antioch
26
When was the battle of Dorylaeum? What happened?
July 1097 Seljuks under Kilij Arslan ambushed Bohemond’s contingent, Bohemond successfully defended non combatants and supplies until Adhemar outflanked Seljuks forcing them to flee
27
What challenges did the crusaders face in Anatolia?
Extreme heat Lack of provisions Lack of local support
28
What conflict arose between Tancred and Baldwin?
They travelled to Cilicia and virtually fought each other for control of its cities
29
What island provided supplies during the siege of Antioch?
Cyprus, Byzantium
30
What was the outcome of the siege of Antioch? How long did it last? Who took control of it? Who did this alienate?
Successful Oct 1097 - Jun 1098 Bohemond Byzantines
31
Which brothers failed to co-operate to defend Antioch?
Ridwan of Aleppo, Duqaq of Damascus
32
Who was besieged the crusaders at Antioch? Successful?
Kerbogha, ruler of Mosul led a combined Muslim force to Antioch but was defeated by Crusaders
33
Why did Kerbogha's force at Antioch fail?
division petty emirs disliked Kerbogha's greed for land and feared his power if he won, so fled
34
Who betrayed the Muslim garrison? At which city? Who did he make a deal with?
Firuz, an Armenian Muslim convert Antioch Bohemond
35
Who were the Fatimids? Who did they attempt to ally with? Successful?
Shia Muslims Crusaders (against the Seljuks) unsuccessful
36
What was the significance of Jerusalem in the Crusades?
of great religious importance to Crusaders, Fatimids and Seljuks recaptured by Fatimids in 1098 from Seljuks
37
What military technology was vital to the capture of Jerusalem?
Siege Engines
38
What was the Holy Lance? Where/when? Who discovered it?
A relic found in Antioch that allegedly prodded Jesus during his crucifixtion, sign of victory Antioch, June 1098 Peter Bartholemew
39
What were the effects of discovering the Holy Lance? Who doubted its legitimacy? What could've explained it?
massively boosted Crusader morale during Kerbogha's siege of Antioch bishop Adhemar Peter Bartholemew served Raymond of Toulouse, attempt to increase power?
40
Who was Adhemar? When did he die? Where? From what?
a bishop and source of Crusader unity 1st Aug 1098 Antioch probably typhoid
41
What was the impact of Adhemar's death?
His death at Antioch was followed by much disunity among the crusaders.
42
What was the significance of the ordinary crusaders?
The religious conviction of these people carried the crusade forward when leaders were divided.
43
Who where the First Crusade leaders?
Adhemar of Le Puy } Raymond of Toulouse } planned it with Urban II Bohemond of Taranto } Tancred } uncle + nephew Godfrey of Bouillon } Baldwin of Boulogne } brothers Hugh of Vermandois Stephen of Blois Robert of Flanders
44
When did the main forces leave Europe for Crusade? How large were the combined forces? How many force were there? Who led each one?
Aug 1096 80,000 4 Hugh of Vermandois, Godfrey of Boullion, Raymond of Toulouse, Bohemond of Taranto
45
What happened during the First Crusade?
1) journey to Constantinople and Anatolia 2) siege of Nicaea (May-Jun 1097) 3) battle of Dorylaeum (Jul 1097) 4) journey through Cilician Gates, Baldwin leaves 5) siege of Antioch (Oct 1097 - Jun 1098) 6) failed siege of Arqah (Mar-May 1099) 7) siege of Jerusalem (Jun-Jul 1099) 8) battle of Ascalon (Aug 1099)
46
What did Urban II promise to crusaders, motivating many to go? (3x)
- protect their lands in Europe - remittance of sins - riches and lands in the East
47
What else did Urban II claim was motivation for crusading at Clermont? Why? Whose accounts of Urban's speech exaggerate this?
protecting Eastern Christians alleged & exaggerated atrocities in Anatolia used to convince W Christians to go Robert the Monk & Fulcher of Chartres
48
What support did Alexius provide the crusaders?
- little provisions (in return for oath of loyalty) - crossing of Bosphorus - Taticius and Manuel Boutoumites (Byz Generals)
49
What happened after passing through the Cilician Gates? When? Where did they take?
Baldwin & Tancred leave main Crusade to fight for lands early 1098 Ravendel, Turbessel & Edessa
50
Where was there internal conflict in Cilicia? What happened?
Tarsus 1) Tancred reaches Tarsus, persuades Seljuk garrison to raise his flag 2) Baldwin arrives, and Seljuks give 2 towers to him 3) outnumbered, Tancred backs down 4) overnight, Seljuks slaughter Normans, blame Baldwin 5) Tancred meanwhile seizes Mamistra, and Baldwin's forces arrive 6) Richard of Salerno wants revenge for Tarsus, skirmish begins between Baldwin & Tancred's forces
51
How did Baldwin I take control of Edessa? When?
1) Thoros of Edessa (Armenian) sends request for help against Turks 2) makes Baldwin co-regent 3) Baldwin marries Arda of Armenia (daughter) 4) Thoros killed in uprising (maybe caused by Baldwin), made ruler Mar 1098
52
When did the siege of Antioch begin? Who attempted to relieve the siege? Why did this fail?
20th Oct 1097 Ridwan of Aleppo + Duqaq of Damascus failed to co-operate
53
Who approached Antioch to relieve the siege later? When? What happened next? When?
Kerbogha May 1098 Bohemond bribes tower guard called Firuz, enters Antioch Jun 1098
54
When was the Battle of Antioch? Who did the Crusaders defeat?
28th Jun 1098 Kerbogha
55
Who did the Crusaders decide should control Antioch? Who disagreed? Why? What did this dispute cause?
Bohemond Raymond believed in oath to Alexius, should be Byzantine delayed Crusading whilst nobles argued
56
Which Arab town was captured after Antioch? When? What was allegedly the key motivation to its capture? What was a more likely reason?
Ma'arrat al-Numan Dec 1098 desperation to reach Jerusalem (religious?) starvation and dwindling supplies - cannibalised civilians
57
Which Arab town refused to surrender after Antioch? When was the siege? Who besieged it? How did it survive?
Arqah 14th Feb - 13th May 1099 Raymond received donations from Emir of Tripoli
58
What was the Crusader passing through Palestine like? Why?
peaceful, most Emirs surrendered and paid tributes Fatimids did not guard Palestine
59
Which important religious site was liberated before Jerusalem? When? Who by?
Bethlehem 6th June 1099 Tancred
60
When did the Crusaders reach Jerusalem? How many men did the Crusaders have? When did it finally fall?
7th June 1099 c. 12,000 15th July 1099
61
What happened at the siege of Jerusalem?
1) 1st Assault - 13th June 1099 - scale outer wall 2) Support Arrives - 17th June - Genoese engineers arrive with wood for siege towers + machines 3) Visions - 8th July - priest Peter Desiderius instructed to fast and march around city like siege of Jericho in Story of Joshua 4) 2nd Assault - 13th July - Raymond attacks S gate, Godfrey + Tancred at N gate 5) Victory - 15th July 1099 - North inner wall breaks
62
What happened when the Crusaders entered Jerusalem? When?
massacre of indigenous population (Muslims & Jews) 15th July 1099
63
When was the Battle of Ascalon? What happened? How many men? Successes/Failures?
9th Aug 1099 Crusaders defeat Al Afdal's North African forces 10,000 Crusaders vs 20,000 North Africans Crusader victory, but bickering between Raymond and Godfrey means they don't enter Ascalon's walls

Age of Crusades 1: Background & First Crusade 1071-1099 (Blue) [Y12] (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions