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Medicine: Immunology > 102. Swollen Finger > Flashcards

102. Swollen Finger Flashcards

1
Q

What defines the innate immune system?

A

It is in-born and operates throughout life

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2
Q

What defines the adaptive immune system?

A

It changes in response to the pathogens it encounters and is characterised by the development of immunological memory such as B cells and antibody production

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3
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Small soluble proteins involved in cell-cell signalling

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4
Q

What does autocrine mean?

A

Actions of secretions are on the cell secreting the substance

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5
Q

What does paracrine mean?

A

Acts on adjacent cells

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6
Q

What does endocrine mean?

A

Acts on cell and organs at remote sites

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7
Q

What are chemokines?

A

Subgroup of cytokines that recruit phagocytes and cause leukocyte extravasation, movement out of circulation to tissue site

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8
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into in tissues?

A

Macrophages

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9
Q

What is the most abundant cell of the innate immune system?

A

Neutrophils

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10
Q

Which cells release histamine?

A

Mast cells
Basophils
Eosinophils

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11
Q

Which cell types release histamine?

A

Granulocytes

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12
Q

What PRR (pattern recognition receptor) mediates phagocytosis?

A

Complement receptors
Beta-glucan
Fc

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13
Q

Which PRR (pattern recognition receptor) mediate inflammatory response?

A

TLR’s (toll like receptors)
CLR’s (C-type lectin receptors)
RLR’s (RIG-I-like receptors)

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14
Q

What are the signs of inflammation?

A 
Swelling - Tumor
Redness - Rubor
Heat - Calor
Pain - Dolor
Loss of function
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15
Q

What are the 3 complement pathways?

A

Classical Pathway
Alternative Pathway
Mannose binding lectin pathway

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16
Q

What do all three complement pathways result in?

A

Formation of the Membran attack complex (MAC)

17
Q

What complement proteins form the membrane attack complex (MAC)?

A

C5b-9

18
Q

Where are complement proteins produced?

A

In the liver

19
Q

Once a dendritic cell has encountered an antigen where does it migrate to?

A

Paracortex of lymph node

20
Q

What do dendritic cells do in the local lymph node?

A

They present the antigen to T-cells

21
Q

What are the two types of T-cells?

A 
T helper (CD4+)
T cytotoxic (CD8+)
22
Q

What do CD4+ (T helper) cells respond to?

A

MHC2+ Antigen presentation

23
Q

What do CD8+ (T cytotoxic) cells respond to?

A

MHC1+ Antigen presentation

24
Q

What activates B cells?

A 
T helper (CD4+) cells presenting antigens
Macrophages presenting antigens
25
Q

What happens when CD4+ Th1 cells are activated?

A

They proliferate and secrete IL2 which self stimulates to secrete IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha

26
Q

What does IFN-gamma do?

A

Increases macrophages ability to lyse phagocytosed pathogens

27
Q

What happens when CD8+ (T cytotoxic) cells are activated?

A

Produce cytolytic enzymes which are injected into the cell to trigger apoptosis

28
Q

What happens when CD4+ Th2 cell are activated?

A

They self stimulate with IL4 secretion which causes B cell proliferation

29
Q

What happens when B cells are activated?

A

They differentiate into effector and memory cells

30
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

The effector B cells once they have been activated and are circulating in the blood producing antibodies

31
Q

What does humoral immunity involve?

A

CD4 Th2 cells, B cells and abs

32
Q

What does cellular immunity involve?

A

CD4 Th1 cells and macrophages

33
Q

What is affinity maturation?

A

Random mutations in V-region genes leading to changes to DNA sequence affecting affinity (antigen binding ability)

34
Q

What is class switching?

A

Recombination of Ig gene segments

Constant region = heavy chains but there is a change in the variable region so there is the same antigen specificity

35
Q

What chemical factors are involved in vasodilation and increase vascular permeability in inflammation?

A 
Histamine
NO
Substance P
Bradykinin
Leukotrienes
IL1
TNF
IFN-gamma

Medicine: Immunology (1 decks)

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