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Medical Sciences > 1.02 - Lower GI Anatomy > Flashcards

1.02 - Lower GI Anatomy Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What composes the lower GI

A

Duodenojejunual junction, rectum and anus

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2
Q

What vertebrae is duodenojejunal junction at

A

L1

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3
Q

What marks the start of the Lower GI

A

Suspensory muscle of duodenum (Ligament of Treitz)

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4
Q

What marks the end of ileum and start of caecum

A

L1

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5
Q

What vertebrae level is caecum

A

L1

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6
Q

What marks the start of jejunum

A

Duodenojejunal flexure

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7
Q

What happens to musculature in ileocaceal valve

A

It thickens

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8
Q

Describe the internal anatomy of the jejunum and ileum

A

Jejunum:
- plicae circularis more pronounced
- walls thicker
- wider diameter
- longer vasa recta
- fewer and larger arcades

Ileum:
- less plicae circularis
- walls thinner
- diameter smaller
- shorter vasa recta
- more and smaller arcades

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9
Q

Location of ascending colon

A
  • A retroperitoneal structure which ascends superiors from cecum
  • Meets right lobe of liver
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10
Q

What is Transverse colon

A
  • extends from right colic flexure to spleen
  • meets right lobe of liver
  • at left colic flexure colon attached to diaphragm
  • intraperitoneal
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11
Q

What is descending colon

A

Inferior from pelvis
Retroperitoneal
Located anteriorly left to left kidney

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12
Q

What is the sigmoid colon

A

Extends from left iliac fossa to S3
Attached to posterior pelvic wall by mesentry

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of colon

A

Omental appendix
Teniae coli
Haustra

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14
Q

What is the omental appendix

A

Small patches of peritoneum filled with fat

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15
Q

What is teniae coli

A

3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle
1. Mesocolic coli
2. Free coli
3. Omental coli

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16
Q

What is haustra ‘

A

Teniae coli contract to shorten wall of bowel producing sacculation

17
Q

What is parabolic gutters

A
  • 2 spaces between ascending/descending colon and posterolateral abdominal wall
  • allow material been released from inflamed/infected abdominal organs elsewhere in abdomen
18
Q

What are the 2 flexure in abdomen

A
  1. Sacral flexure
  2. Peritoneal flexure
19
Q

What forms the valves in rectum

A

Mucosal Folds

20
Q

Are 1 and 3 valves in the rectum constant

A

YES

21
Q

Are the valves 2 and 4 constant

A

No

22
Q

What is a feature in the lower part of rectum

A

Temporary folds that disappear on distension

23
Q

Give importance of valves

A
  • support weight of faeces
  • prevent passage of instruments
  • renal wash should be done in left lateral position -> prevent injury to 3rd valve
24
Q

What marks the junction of rectum and anal canal

A

Anorectal ring

25
Q

What makes the anorectal ring

A

Internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter and puborectalis muscle

26
Q

What is internal anal sphincter

A

Thickening of involuntary circular smooth muscle in upper 2/3

27
Q

What is external sphincter

A

Voluntary muscle surrounding lower 2/3 of anal canal

28
Q

What divides the anal canal

A

Dentate/pectinate line

29
Q

Where are sinuses with mucus secreting glands in anal canal

A

Upper part where the anal canal joins by semi-lunar flaps called valves

30
Q

What is histology of duodenum

A

Only part of small intestine that has Brunner’s glands in submucosa

31
Q

What is Brunner’s gland

A

Secretes alkaline solution to neutralise acidic chyme
Mucus also secreted to protect lining of intestinal walls

32
Q

What is histology of Jejunum

A
  • most prominent with plicae circularis
    Villi lined with simple columnar epithelium
  • Crypts of Lieberkuhn
33
Q

What is histology of the ileum

A

Shortest villi
- Mucosa has Peyner’s patches starting rom Lamina propia
- Villi rich in goblet cells
- crypt cells
- villi lined by epithelial simple columnar

34
Q

What is histology of the large intestine

A
  • no. Plicae circularis
  • epithelium -> simple columnar ciliated
  • straight glands
  • epithelium had goblet cells (mucus secretion) and brush cells (absorption of water)
  • presence of lymphoid aggregation
35
Q

What is the epithelium on rectum

A

Simple columnar epithelium

36
Q

What is the epithelium on anus

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium after the dentate

37
Q

What happens to epithelium at the tip of anus

A

Stratified non-keratinised squamous becomes keratinised

Medical Sciences (3 decks)

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