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AH bio > 102 cell + proteins > Flashcards

102 cell + proteins Flashcards

1
Q

what is a genome

A

the total genetic material in a cell

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2
Q

what is a proteome

A

the entire set of proteins expressed by a genome

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3
Q

why is the proteome larger than the no. of genes?

A

(particularly so in eukaryocytes)

more than one protein can be produced from a single gene as a result of alternative RNA splicing

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4
Q

how many genes are expressed as proteins in a particular cell type?

A

not all genes are expressed as proteins

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5
Q

the set of proteins expressed by a given cell type can vary over time and under different conditions. what are some factors affecting the set of proteins expressed?

A
  1. the metabolic activity of the cell
  2. cellular stress
  3. the response to signalling molecules
  4. diseased vs. healthy cells
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6
Q

what is the difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells? [extra]

A 
eukaryotic= has a membrane-bound nucleus
prokaryotic= has no nucleus
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7
Q

briefly describe the structure of eukaryotic cells

A
  • have a plasma membrane

- have a system of internal membranes, which increases the total area of membrane

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8
Q

name some structures in a eukaryotic cell which have membranes

A
  • plasma membrane of course, i.e- the cell itself
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • golgi apparatus
  • lysosomes
  • vesicles
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9
Q

describe the endoplasmic reticulum

A

it forms a network of membrane tubules continuous with the nuclear membrane
there are two types: RER and SER

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10
Q

what is the difference between SER and RER?

A

RER
-has ribosomes on its cystolic face (liquid face of the cytoplasm)
-is involved in the production of transmembrane proteins and secreted proteins
SER
-lacks ribosomes
-where lipid biosynthesis takes place

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11
Q

what is the golgi apparatus?

A

a series of flattened membrane discs

site of the modification of proteins by the addition of carbohydrates

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12
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

membrane-bound organelles containing a variety of hydrolases that digest proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates

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13
Q

what are vesicles?

A

they transport materials between membrane compartments

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14
Q

where are lipid and proteins synthesised?

A

in the ER

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15
Q

make a table of where synthesis starts, finishes and where the product goes for:

  1. lipids
  2. cystolic proteins
  3. transmembrane proteins
A

|where it starts | ends | where product goes
lipids | SER | SER | inserted into membrane
cyst prot| cyst ribos. | cy rib | remain in cystol
tr-m pro | cyst ribos. | RER | RER

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16
Q

where are lipids synthesised?

A

in the SER and inserted into its membrane

17
Q

where does the synthesis of all proteins begin

A

in the cystolic ribosomes

18
Q

where is the synthesis of cystolic proteins completed

where do they go after completion

A

in cystolic ribosomes

these proteins remain in the cystol

19
Q

transmembrane proteins carry a signal sequence, what effect does this have?

A

halts translaion and directs the ribosome synthesising the protein to dock with the ER, forming RER

20
Q

what is a signal sequence

A

a short stretch of amino acids at one end of the polypeptide, it determines the eventual location of a protein in a cell

21
Q

what happens once proteins are in the ER

A

they are transported by vesicles that bud off from the ER and fuse with the Golgi apparatus

22
Q

what happens as proteins move through the golgi apparatus

A

they undergo post-translational modification

23
Q

describe the proteins moving through the golgi apparatus- give more information

A

molecules move through the golgi discs in vesicles that bud off from one disc and fuse to the next one in the stack. enzymes catalyse the addition of various sugars in multiple steps to form the carbohydrates

24
Q

the addition of carbohydrate groups is the…

A

major modification

25
Q

where do the vesicles that leave the golgi apparatus take proteins?

A

to the plasma membrane and lysosomes

26
Q

what do vesicles do?

A

vesicles move along microtubules to other membranes and fuse with them within the cell

27
Q

where are secreted proteins translated

A

in ribosomes on the RER and enter its lumen

28
Q

name examples of secreted proteins

A

peptide hormones and digestive enzymes

29
Q

what is the journey of secreted proteins

A

they move through the golgi apparatus and are then packaged into secretory vesicles

these vesicles move to and fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing the proteins out of the cell

30
Q

describe secreted proteins

A

they are synthesised as inactive recursors and require proteolytic cleavage to produce active proteins

31
Q

what is proteolytic cleavage

A

is another type of post-translational modification. digestive enzymes are one example of secreted proteins that require proteolytic cleavage to become active

AH bio (1 decks)

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