1.02 Bacterial Morphology Flashcards
Observe LIVE microorganism without the use of stain
Phase contrast microscope
Microscopy where lighting system reaches the specimen from the SIDES only
Dark-field microscope
Polysaccharide-containing material outside the cell that plays a role in resistance to dessication due to its ability to bind a significant amt of water
Glycocalyx
Bacteria that adheres tightly to tooth enamel
Streptococcus mutans
Well-defined layer that surrounds cells that excludes particles such as India ink
Capsule
Denotes VIRULENCE;
Main function is to EVADE PHAGOCYTES
Capsule
T/F. Klebsiella pneumoniae has a THICK capsule
True
T/F. Streptococcus pneumoniae has a THIN capsule
False
T/F. Haemophilus influenzae has a THIN capsule
False
T/F. Cryptococcus neoformans has a THIN capsule
False
T/F. Some strains of E. coli have a THIN capsule
True
Loosely attached glycocalyx that does not exclude particles and adheres to surfaces or to each other
Slime layer
Causative agent of endocarditis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Cell wall of bacteria is made up of
Peptidoglycan
Sites of major antigenic determinants of cell surface and determines bacterial shape
Cell wall
Final color of a Gram + bacteria
Purple
Final color of a Gram (-) bacteria
Red/pink
Describe the peptidoglycan structure
NAG and NAM connected B(1–>4)
Special components of Gram (+) cell wall
Teichoic acid & Polysaccharides (glucuronic, mannuronic acid)
Component of Gram (+) cell wall responsible for negative charge of the cell surface
Teichoic acid
Type of teichoic acid that is covalently liked to PDG
Wall teichoic acid
Type of teichoic acid covalently linked to the membrane glycolipid
Membrane teichoic acid (Lipoteichoic acid)
Constitute the major surface antigen of Gram (+) cell walls
Teichoic acid
Antigen of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Forssmann antigen
Antigen of Streptococcus pyogenes
M protein
Special components of Gram (-) bacteria
Outer membrane (bilayer)
Lipopolysaccharide
Lipoprotein
Periplasmic space
Special proteins in the outer membrane of Gram (-) bacteria that permit passive diffusion of low MW hydrophilic compounds
Porin proteins
Gives Gram (-) bacteria its high resistance to antibiotics
Outer membrane (bec. it slows down penetration of antibiotics)
Where endotoxin is found
Outer membrane
Protein that participates in achoring outer membrane to PDG layer
OmpA protein
3 regions of LPS of Gram (-) bacteria
Lipid A Polysaccharide Core Repeating unit (O-Ag polysaccharide)
The toxic component of LPS
Lipid A
Fatty acid comprising Lipid A
B-hydroxymyristic acid
This defines the antigenicity of the Gram (-) bacteria
Repeating units
Difference of septicemia and bacteremia
Septicemia - release of TOXIN
Bacteremia - presence of BACTERIA
Difference of EXOTOXIN and ENDOTOXIN
Endotoxin - non-specific effects
Exotoxin - more specific effects
Crosslinks outer memrbane and PDG layer in Gram (-)
Lipoprotein
Space between the inner and outer membrane that contains penicillinase and B=lactamase
Periplasmic space
T/F. Acid fast cell wall is characteristic of Mycobacteria and Nocardia
True
AFB contain large amounts of waxes, complex branched hydrocarbons known as
Mycolic acids
Some cell walls of archaea contain a rigid cell wall composed of polysaccharides or PDG called
Pseudomurein
Involves transport of sugar and movement towards carbon source
Group translocation
Gram (+)/(-). THICK PDG layer
+
Gram (+)/(-). Periplasm
-
Gram (+)/(-). LPS
-
Gram (+)/(-). Sensitivity to penicillin
+
Inclusion body produced when source of N, S, or P is limited
Poly-B-hydroxybutyric acid
Inclusion body that is formed when there is excess C
Glycogen
Inclusion body formed when oxidizing reduced S compounds such as H2S
Elemental sulfur
Inclusion body that is the accumulation of inorganic phosphates in the form of granules
Metachromatic granules
Characteristic granule of Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Babes-Ernst granules
Inclusion body that are intracellular crystal particles of iron mineral magnetite
Magnetosomes
Inclusion body that provide buoyancy
Gas vesicles
Bacteria with linear chromosome instead of circular (2)
Borrelia burgdorferi
Streptomyces coelicolor
Where bacterial genetic material is located
Nucleoid
Function of flagella
Motility
Antigenic portion of flagella that is usually the target of the immune response
H-antigen
Main function of pili
Adhesion
There are 2 classes of pili, namely:
Somatic - virulence factor
Sex pili - for bacterial conjugation
Main organ of locomotion of spriochetes
Axial filaments
Characteristic surface motility of pili
Twitching
Most common AEROBIC endospore-forming bacteria
Bacillus
Most common ANAEROBIC endospore-forming bacteria
Clostridium
Thickest layer of the spore envelope & is extremely sensitive to lysozyme
Cortex
Responsible for the relative resistance of spores to antibacterial chemical agents
Coat
Presence of this compound in the core layer of spores contributes to heat resistance
Calcium dipicolinate
Stain used for bacteria with high lipid content
Acid fast stain
Primary stain in acid fast stain
Carbol fuschin
Staining used to demonstrate capsules
Negative staining
T/F. Cryptococcus neoformans is India ink (+)
True
T/F. Klebsiella pneumonia is India ink (+)
True
Nucleoid stain makes use of
Feulgen stain
Single circular duplex DNA similar to bacterial genome that carry genes for the production of virulence factor
Plasmid
T/F. Transposons may contain toxin production or antibiiotic resistance
True
Movement of tranposons can cause what type of mutation
Insertion mutation
Genetically engineered plasmid
Recombinant plasmid
Transfer of DNA from one organism to another
Horizontal gene transfer
Inheritance of parental genes is called
Vertical inheritance
T/F. Low frequency HGT has been responsible for common mechanism of antibiotic resistance
True
Donor bacterium attaches to the bacterim recipient cell to transfer only one strand of DNA through sex pili
Conjufation
Phage-mediated genetic recombination in bacteria
Transduction
Major force in microbial evolution
Transformation
Direct uptake of DNA fragments or plasmid
Transformation
