1.02 Bacterial Morphology Flashcards by Majie Diwa

Observe LIVE microorganism without the use of stain

Phase contrast microscope

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Microscopy where lighting system reaches the specimen from the SIDES only

Dark-field microscope

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Polysaccharide-containing material outside the cell that plays a role in resistance to dessication due to its ability to bind a significant amt of water

Glycocalyx

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Bacteria that adheres tightly to tooth enamel

Streptococcus mutans

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Well-defined layer that surrounds cells that excludes particles such as India ink

Capsule

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Denotes VIRULENCE;

Main function is to EVADE PHAGOCYTES

Capsule

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T/F. Klebsiella pneumoniae has a THICK capsule

True

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T/F. Streptococcus pneumoniae has a THIN capsule

False

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T/F. Haemophilus influenzae has a THIN capsule

False

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T/F. Cryptococcus neoformans has a THIN capsule

False

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T/F. Some strains of E. coli have a THIN capsule

True

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Loosely attached glycocalyx that does not exclude particles and adheres to surfaces or to each other

Slime layer

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Causative agent of endocarditis

Staphylococcus epidermidis

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Cell wall of bacteria is made up of

Peptidoglycan

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Sites of major antigenic determinants of cell surface and determines bacterial shape

Cell wall

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Final color of a Gram + bacteria

Purple

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Final color of a Gram (-) bacteria

Red/pink

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Describe the peptidoglycan structure

NAG and NAM connected B(1–>4)

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Special components of Gram (+) cell wall

Teichoic acid & Polysaccharides (glucuronic, mannuronic acid)

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Component of Gram (+) cell wall responsible for negative charge of the cell surface

Teichoic acid

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Type of teichoic acid that is covalently liked to PDG

Wall teichoic acid

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Type of teichoic acid covalently linked to the membrane glycolipid

Membrane teichoic acid (Lipoteichoic acid)

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Constitute the major surface antigen of Gram (+) cell walls

Teichoic acid

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Antigen of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Forssmann antigen

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Antigen of Streptococcus pyogenes

M protein

Special components of Gram (-) bacteria

Outer membrane (bilayer) Lipopolysaccharide Lipoprotein Periplasmic space

Special proteins in the outer membrane of Gram (-) bacteria that permit passive diffusion of low MW hydrophilic compounds

Porin proteins

Gives Gram (-) bacteria its high resistance to antibiotics

Outer membrane (bec. it slows down penetration of antibiotics)

Where endotoxin is found

Outer membrane

Protein that participates in achoring outer membrane to PDG layer

OmpA protein

3 regions of LPS of Gram (-) bacteria

``` Lipid A Polysaccharide Core Repeating unit (O-Ag polysaccharide) ```

The toxic component of LPS

Lipid A

Fatty acid comprising Lipid A

B-hydroxymyristic acid

This defines the antigenicity of the Gram (-) bacteria

Repeating units

Difference of septicemia and bacteremia

Septicemia - release of TOXIN | Bacteremia - presence of BACTERIA

Difference of EXOTOXIN and ENDOTOXIN

Endotoxin - non-specific effects | Exotoxin - more specific effects

Crosslinks outer memrbane and PDG layer in Gram (-)

Lipoprotein

Space between the inner and outer membrane that contains penicillinase and B=lactamase

Periplasmic space

T/F. Acid fast cell wall is characteristic of Mycobacteria and Nocardia

True

AFB contain large amounts of waxes, complex branched hydrocarbons known as

Mycolic acids

Some cell walls of archaea contain a rigid cell wall composed of polysaccharides or PDG called

Pseudomurein

Involves transport of sugar and movement towards carbon source

Group translocation

Gram (+)/(-). THICK PDG layer

Gram (+)/(-). Periplasm

Gram (+)/(-). LPS

Gram (+)/(-). Sensitivity to penicillin

Inclusion body produced when source of N, S, or P is limited

Poly-B-hydroxybutyric acid

Inclusion body that is formed when there is excess C

Glycogen

Inclusion body formed when oxidizing reduced S compounds such as H2S

Elemental sulfur

Inclusion body that is the accumulation of inorganic phosphates in the form of granules

Metachromatic granules

Characteristic granule of Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Babes-Ernst granules

Inclusion body that are intracellular crystal particles of iron mineral magnetite

Magnetosomes

Inclusion body that provide buoyancy

Gas vesicles

Bacteria with linear chromosome instead of circular (2)

Borrelia burgdorferi | Streptomyces coelicolor

Where bacterial genetic material is located

Nucleoid

Function of flagella

Motility

Antigenic portion of flagella that is usually the target of the immune response

H-antigen

Main function of pili

Adhesion

There are 2 classes of pili, namely:

Somatic - virulence factor | Sex pili - for bacterial conjugation

Main organ of locomotion of spriochetes

Axial filaments

Characteristic surface motility of pili

Twitching

Most common AEROBIC endospore-forming bacteria

Bacillus

Most common ANAEROBIC endospore-forming bacteria

Clostridium

Thickest layer of the spore envelope & is extremely sensitive to lysozyme

Cortex

Responsible for the relative resistance of spores to antibacterial chemical agents

Coat

Presence of this compound in the core layer of spores contributes to heat resistance

Calcium dipicolinate

Stain used for bacteria with high lipid content

Acid fast stain

Primary stain in acid fast stain

Carbol fuschin

Staining used to demonstrate capsules

Negative staining

T/F. Cryptococcus neoformans is India ink (+)

True

T/F. Klebsiella pneumonia is India ink (+)

True

Nucleoid stain makes use of

Feulgen stain

Single circular duplex DNA similar to bacterial genome that carry genes for the production of virulence factor

Plasmid

T/F. Transposons may contain toxin production or antibiiotic resistance

True

Movement of tranposons can cause what type of mutation

Insertion mutation

Genetically engineered plasmid

Recombinant plasmid

Transfer of DNA from one organism to another

Horizontal gene transfer

Inheritance of parental genes is called

Vertical inheritance

T/F. Low frequency HGT has been responsible for common mechanism of antibiotic resistance

True

Donor bacterium attaches to the bacterim recipient cell to transfer only one strand of DNA through sex pili

Conjufation

Phage-mediated genetic recombination in bacteria

Transduction

Major force in microbial evolution

Transformation

Direct uptake of DNA fragments or plasmid

Transformation