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Population Health > 1.02 > Flashcards

1.02 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 principles of the NHS

A
  1. Comphrensive Service
  2. Universal Access
  3. Free at the point of use
  4. Quality of Care
  5. Patient-Centred Care
  6. Public Accountability
  7. Partnership
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2
Q

What are the branches of NHS

A
  1. NHS England
  2. NHS trust
  3. Clinical Commissioning Group
  4. Intergrated Care Systems
  5. Public Health England
  6. NHS. Foundation Trust
  7. GP
  8. Specialised Service
  9. NHS digital
  10. NHS improvement
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3
Q

What is NHS England

A

Oversee budget, planning and delivery of healthcare in England. Sets priorities and direction for NHS

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4
Q

What is NHS Trusts

A

provide healthcare
- Acute - hospital service including emergency, surgeries and specialised treatment
- Mental Health - provide care and support for patients with mental health conditions
-Community - deliver service in community. Eg nursing, rehabilitation and support for long term condition

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5
Q

What is Clinical Commissioning Group

A

planning and commissioning healthcare at local level but being replaced by Intergrated Care Systems

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6
Q

What is Integrated Care System

A

promote collabs between different organisations eg NHS trusts,local authorities and community services

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7
Q

What is Public Health England

A

protect and improve nation’s health and wellbeing, addressing public health issues and responding to health emergencies

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8
Q

What is NHS Foundation Trust

A

self-governing organisations that provide hospital and community services, giving more autonomy in DM and financial management

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9
Q

What is GP

A

primary care providers that are first point of contact for patients, offering a range of services from check ups to managing chronic illness

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10
Q

What is specialised Service

A

provided for specific medical condition or complex cases requiring MDT and specialised facilities

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11
Q

What is NHS Digital

A

focuses on digital transformation of healthcare services, managing health data and information systems

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12
Q

What is NHS improvement

A

Works to support NHS organisations in delivering high-quality care and improving services

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13
Q

What is primary care

A
  • GP
  • Community pharmacies - offer health advice, medications and minor ailments
  • Dental Services - oral healthcare and treatments
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14
Q

What is Secondary care

A
  • Acute Hospitals - deliver specialised medical services eg emergency care, surgeries and maternity care
  • Outpatient service - specialist consultation and follow up care without hospital admission
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15
Q

What is tertiary care

A

specialised services that deal with complex medical conditions often provided in specialist hospitals eg cancer treatment

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16
Q

What is observational study

A

Investigator does not control which subjects receive treatment

17
Q

What are key aspects of observational study

A
  1. No intervention
  2. Data collection: various methods eg surveys, interviews
  3. Causation vs correlation - can not establish cause and effect due to potential confounding variables
18
Q

What are the types of observational studies

A

Cohort, case-control, cross-sectional, nest case-control and ecological

19
Q

Reasons for carrying out observational study

A

Cheap
Quick
Ethical
Wide range of disease causes can be investigated
Generate new hypotheses for later experimental studies

20
Q

What is cross sectional study

A

Analyses data from pop at specific point in time
Measure prevalence of disease

21
Q

Key features of cross sectional

A
  1. Snapshot in time - data collected at one point providing insight of the situation being studied
  2. Population based - sample that has larger pop to allow generalisation of findings
  3. Descriptive Analysis - prevalence of conditions making them useful for identifying associations between variables
  4. No causation → only correlation
22
Q

What is case control

A

Compares occurrence of possible causes in cases and in controls
Collect data on disease occurrence at 1 point in time and exposures at previous point
Match based on age gender and deprivation
Take newest cases

23
Q

Key aspects of case control

A
  1. Retrospective design - often look back in time to identify risk factors or disease
  2. Exposure assessment → assess risk factor in both groups to determine significant differences that may explain disease
  3. Odds Ratio - stats measure used → compares odds of exposure among cases to odds of exposure among controls
24
Q

What is cohort

A
  • Follows group of individual over a time to assess development of specific outcomes
  • group of individuals is selected before their disease status is known
  • best information about causation
  • Useful to understand relationship between exposures and later health outcomes
25
Q

Key aspects of Cohort

A
  1. Prospective or. Retrospective
  2. Group comparison - classified into subgroups according to exposure to potential cause of disease outcome for comparison
  3. Longitudinal design - track patients over an extended period
  4. Incidence and Risk calculation - incidence of a condition in different exposure groups providing insights into risk factors
  5. Causation inference - control for confounding variables to strengthen conclusion
26
Q

What is nest case-control

A

Case-control study conducted within the context of a larger cohort study

27
Q

Key aspects oof nest case control

A
  1. Integration with a cohort - predefined cohort that has been followed over time → cases identified from cohort
  2. Case selection -
  3. Controls -. Often matched to cases based on factors eg age
  4. Retrospective - looks back at exposures. That occurred before outcome
  5. Cost effective - data only collected for selected cases and controls
28
Q

What are ecological studies

A
  • examine mean outcome and mean exposure at an area level
  • maybe a region but also collection of locations
  • useful indications of health issues that have been further investigated using other study design
  • relatively easy and cheap
  • these studies are vulnerable to ecological fallacy
29
Q

Define ecological fallacy

A
  • an association between groups that is not true for individuals - concepts of bias
30
Q

Types of probabilistic sampling

A

simple random, systematic sampling, stratified and complex

31
Q

Types of non-probabilistic

A

accidental/convenience
purposive - you choose
quota - given population,
snowball - subjects tell you about other subjects

32
Q

Equation for crude mortality

A

No of deaths/all population

33
Q

Case fatality rate

A

No of deaths cond x/ no of people with cond x

34
Q

Equation for standardised mortality Ratio

A

Observed mortality/expected mortality

35
Q

Which is a standardised ratio useful

A

Allow comparison

Population Health (1 decks)

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